H 

° 


pi  IT 
DEC_  j 


•  USING  CONDITIONS  OF 
EMPLOYED  WOMEN  IN  THE 
BOROUGH  OF  MANHATTAN 

A    STUDY    MADE    BY    THE    BUREAU    OF    SOtlAL 

HYGIENE     WITH     THE     CO-OPERATION     OF    AN 

ADVISORY  COMMITTEE 


Advisory  Committee 

MRS.  FRANCIS  McNEiL  BACON      MKS.   WILLIAM  HENRY  HAYS 
MRS.  AUGUST  BELMONT  MRS.  ALFRED  E.  HESS 

MRS.  WALTER  DOUGLAS  Miss  NELLE  SWARTZ 

Director  of  Study 

DR.  KATHARINE  BEMENT  DAVIS 

General  Secretary,  Bureau  of  Social  Hygiene,  Inc. 

Assistant  Director 
DK.  HESTER  DONALDSON  JENKINS 


THE  BUREAU  OF  SOCIAL  HYGIENE 

Incorporated 

370  SEVENTH  AVENUE  NEW  YORK  CITY 


HOUSING  CONDITIONS  OF 
EMPLOYED  WOMEN  IN  THE 
BOROUGH  OF  MANHATTAN 

A    STUDY    MADE    BY    THE    BUREAU   OF    SOCIAL 

HYGIENE     WITH     THE     CO-OPERATION     OF    AN 

ADVISORY  COMMITTEE 


Advisory  Committee 

MRS.  FEANCIS  McNEiL  BACON      MBS.  WILLIAM  HENRY  HAYS 
MRS.  AUGUST  BELMONT  MRS.  ALFRED  E.  HESS 

MRS.  WALTER  DOUGLAS  Miss  NELLE  SWARTZ 

Director  of  Study 

DR.  KATHARINE  BEMENT  DAVIS 

General  Secretary,  Bureau  of  Social  Hygiene,  Inc. 

Assistant  Director 
DR.  HESTER  DONALDSON  JENKINS 


THE  BUREAU  OF  SOCIAL  HYGIENE 

Incorporated 

370  SEVENTH  AVENUE  NEW  YORK  CITY 


Copyright  1922,  by 
The  Bureau  of  Social  Hygiene,  Inc. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

PAGE 

INTRODUCTION 

Reasons  for  undertaking  the  study  and  some  of  its  results. .  .        5 

CHAPTER  I 

Method  of  investigation 13 

CHAPTER  II 
Organized  Homes 19 

CHAPTER  III 
Rooms  Registries 23 

CHAPTER  IV 

Employed  women,  in  stores,  offices  and  factories 39 

CHAPTER  V 
Business  and  professional  women 49 

CHAPTER  VI 
Employed  colored  women 57 

CHAPTER  VII 
Suggestions  as  to  housing  (from  the  questionnaires) 65 

CHAPTER  VIII 
Some  housing  experiments 71 

TABLES 

I  Table  A— Organized  Homes 78 

II  Rooms  Registries  Tables — R.R/  1  to  16c 82 

III  Organization  Tables — Org.  1  to  7 105 

IV  Occupation  Tables— Oc.  1  to  12 112 

V  Business  and  Professional  Women — Tables  B.P.  1  to  5  .  .  128 

VI  Study  of  Colored  Women — Col.  1  to  15 132 

VII  Correlation  Tables— T.  la-6b.  .  151 


[3] 


INTRODUCTION 

The  question  may  very  naturally  arise  as  ;to  why  .the  Bureau 
of  Social  Hygiene  should  concern  itself  in  any*  way  JwitKJ "the 
housing  problem. 

In  answer  we  must  consider  the  very  great  broadening  in  the 
use  of  the  term  Social  Hygiene  which  has  occurred  in  the  last 
few  years. 

Previous  to  the  World  War  we  in  the  United  States  had  been 
accustomed  to  think  of  it  as  applying  solely  to  such  questions 
as  the  tolerance  of  a  segregated  district,  regulation  of  prostitutes 
by  registration  or  otherwise,  medical  examination  of  prostitutes, 
the  white  slave  traffic,  the  relation  of  the  police  to  the  whole 
question,  in  short,  to  all  the  various  phases  of  the  Social  Evil, 
particularly  its  commercialized  forms. 

In  England,  as  well  as  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  the  concep- 
tion of  Social  Hygiene  included  a  consideration  of  all  influences 
deleterious  to  social  well-being.  Thus  in  France  so-called  Social 
Hygiene  Societies  included  in  their  program  the  fight  against 
intemperance  and  tuberculosis. 

No  less  an  authority  than  President  Emeritus  Eliot  of  Har- 
vard not  long  ago  pointed  out  that  the  housing  problems  must  be 
taken  into  account  by  those  agencies  which  interest  themselves  in 
Social  Hygiene. 

There  is  no  difference  of  opinion  as  to  the  effect  of  extreme 
over-crowding  resulting  from  an  insufficiency  of  dwelling-houses 
in  the  lowering  of  all  standards.  The  high  rents  consequent  upon 
these  conditions  undoubtedly  impose  a  strain  upon  unattached  em- 
ployed women  at  the  subsistence  level  of  wages. 

There  is  no  occasion  to  enlarge  upon  the  seriousness  of  the 
housing  situation  in  Greater  New  York  and  particularly  in  the 
Borough  of  Manhattan.  For  those  who  work  in  the  latter 
borough  and  must  live  elsewhere  the  problem  of  transportation  is 
involved. 

In  the  past  two  years  agencies  both  public  and  private  have 
taken  up  the  housing  problem  from  various  points  of  view,  con- 
sidering causes  and  remedies  for  existing  conditions.  In  all  of 
these  studies,  however,  it  has  been  the  question  of  family  housing 
that  has  been  under  consideration. 

[51 


6  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

Giving  to  the  character  of  its  work,  questions  concerning  the 
effect  of  the  housing  situation  upon  the  self-supporting  girl  and 
wpman  h.ave  -he'en  ,  frequently  referred  to  the  Bureau  of  Social 
H.ygiefie..  We  have  not,  been  in  a  position  to  answer  most  of  these 
with  anything  like  denniteness. 

For  example,  "Is  it  true  that  practically  all  young  women  em- 
ployed in  department  stores  live  at  home?"  Talking  of  the  hous- 
ing situation  recently  with  the  head  of  one  of  our  large  retail 
establishments  he  remarked,  "It  does  not  particularly  concern  us 
for  less  than  six  per  cent,  of  our  women  employees  live  outside  of 
their  parents  homes." 

Another  writes,  "Is  it  desirable  that  more  organized  and  sub- 
sidized homes  for  girls  be  established?  Do  working  girls  want  to 
live  in  them?" 

Or,  "How  effective  are  rooms  registries?"  "Are  they  exten- 
sively patronized?"  "Are  more  needed?"  etc.  etc. 

In  view  of  these  questions  and  our  own  feeling  that  conditions 
of  housing  are  among  the  fundamentals  in  our  problem  we  decided 
to  undertake  at  least  a  brief  survey  of  the  situation. 

We  preferred  to  approach  the  subject  from  the  side  of  the 
women  actually  self-supporting  at  the  time  of  the  study.  How 
far  factors  resulting  from  over-crowding  such  as  insufficient  air- 
space, lack  of  opportunity  for  cleanliness,  loss  of  personal 
modesty,  or  possible  transmission  of  disease,  affect  the  earning 
capacity  of  women  subjected  to  them,  was  a  subject  we  did  not 
undertake  to  investigate.  There  can  be  no  difference  of  opinion 
as  to  their  anti-social  consequences. 

The  difficulties  of  such  a  study  made  by  a  private  organization 
are  many  and  have  chiefly  to  do  with  the  fact  that  it  has  no  au- 
thority behind  it  and  is  dependent  for  its  material  upon  its  ability 
to  "sell"  the  idea  of  its  desirability.  The  relative  advantage  of 
the  questionnaire  versus  the  personal  interview  method  was  con- 
sidered. The  former  seemed  certain  to  give  the  greater  volume  of 
data  in  proportion  to  time  and  money  expended  and  was  decided 
upon  although  its  limitations  were  recognized. 

It  seemed  inadvisable  to  prolong  the  study  for  the  purpose  of 
securing  additional  data  inasmuch  as  rates  of  wages  and  level  of 
rents  are  liable  to  variations  within  rather  short  periods. 

The  information  presented  was  obtained ;  first,  from  fifty-eight 


INTRODUCTION. 


Organized  Homes  in  the  Borough  of  Manhattan;  second,  9460 
employed  women  filled  out  and  returned  our  questionnaire ;  third, 
data  was  furnished  concerning  9060  other  women  who  had  applied 
for  rooms  at  the  Rooms  Registries  studied  between  January  1, 
1920  and  April,  1921. 

Some  of  the  facts  obtained  from  a  study  of  the  statistical  data 

I  (a)  There  are  fifty-eight  non-commercial  Organized  Homes 
in    Manhattan    affording    accommodations    to    4417    employed 
women.     The  increase  of  20  per  cent,  since  1915  in  the  number 
cared  for  has  not  kept  pace  with  the  demand.     All  the  homes  have 
long  waiting  lists — see  Table  A. 

(b)  Out  of  8635  replies  to  the  question  as  to  present  housing 
only  one  per  cent,  came  from  women  now  living  in  Organized 
Homes.  Nineteen  per  cent,  of  6966  women  replying  to  this  ques- 
tion would  prefer  to  live  in  such  homes  (Org.  Tables  3  and  4 — 
and  B.  &  P.  Table  5)  (See  Table  A  and  Chapter  II  for  further 
discussion). 

II  (a)  During  the  year  1920  over  19,000  women  applied  to  the 
three    largest    Rooms    Registries    in    Manhattan.      The    Young 
Women's  Christian  Association  registered  15,540  applicants  in 
its  various  branches ;  Bureau  of  Boarding  Houses,  2836,  and  the 
Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association,  1032. 

(b)  In  the  Central  Branch  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association  the  average  price  paid  for  room  was  $7.46  per  week, 
the  largest  number  taken  at  any  one  price  (i.e.  the  mode)  being 
$7.00. 

(c)  At  the  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association  all  but  9 
women  were  placed  in  permanent  quarters,  51  per  cent,  of  all 
applicants  placed  being  supplied  with  board  and  room  in  the  same 
place. 

(d)  Both  the  average  rent  per  week  and  the  mode  of  rent  paid 
by  applicants  to  the  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association  was 
less  than  for  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association,  the  aver- 
age rent  in  the  former  being  $6.25,  while  the  mode  was  only  $5.00. 

In  both  cases  the  rates  are  less  than  the  corresponding  figures 
for  the  women  employed  in  stores,  offices  and  factories  who  filled 
out  the  questionnaires,  as  is  shown  by  Org.  Table  1. 


8 


HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 


PRICE  PAID  FOR  ROOMS 


ORG.  TABLE  1 


ROOMS  REGISTRY  CENTRAL  BRANCH 


PRICE  OF  ROOM 
PER  WEEK 

No.  OF 

CASES 

% 

PRICE  OF  ROOM 
PER  WEEK 

No.  OF 

CASES 

% 

Less  than  $10.00  
$10.00       .      . 

2,012 
763 

46 
17 

Less  than  $10.00.  . 
$10.00  

5,221 
937 

77 
13 

Over  $10.00     

1,571 

36 

Over  $10.00  

572 

8 

Mode  $10.00  

4,346 
763 

Mode  $7.00  

6,730 
2,055 

Average  $10  63 

Average  $7.85 

The  difference  is  at  least  partly  accounted  for  by  the  fact  that 
many  strangers  in  the  city  go  to  the  Rooms  Registries  before  they 
secure  positions. 

For  further  data  drawn  from  the  Rooms  Registry  records  see 
Chapter  III  and  the  R.  R.  Tables. 

Ill  (a)  While  all  of  the  women  studied  are  employed  in  offices, 
stores  and  factories  in  Manhattan,  fifty  per  cent,  live  outside  the 
borough.  For  them  transportation  is  a  serious  problem  .(Org. 
Table  7). 

(b)  One-half  of  all  the  women  reporting  have  dependents  (Org. 
Table  5). 

(c)  Sixty-nine  per   cent,   of  those   reporting   live  with   their 
families.      Out   of   5293   women   working   in    fifteen   department 
stores  (some  large  and  some  small)  4206  or  79  per  cent,  stated 
that  they  live  with  their  families  (Org.  Table  3  and  page  44). 

(d)  Nineteen  per  cent,  of  those  who  did  not  live  with  their 
families  were  living  in  housekeeping  apartments,  while  sixty-three 
per  cent,  would  prefer  housekeeping  if  they  could  afford  it. 

(e)  The  ages  vary  from  twelve  individuals  fourteen  years  old 
to  two  who  are  seventy-five.     Seventy-two  per  cent,  are  under 
thirty.     The  largest  age  group  is  twenty  to  twenty-four. 

(f)  Wages  or  salaries  vary  from  that  of  six  individuals  who 
earn  less  than  $6.00  to  that  of  two  who  earn  $75.00  per  week. 

(g)  The  average  weekly  rent  paid  by  the  group  is  $10.63, 


INTRODUCTION.  9 

while  the  mode  is  $10.00.    The  average  is  somewhat  raised  by  the 
very  high  rents  paid  by  a  comparatively  few  individuals. 

Other  interesting  facts   are  brought   out  by  the   Correlation 
Tables  T  la-T  6b. 

IV  One  thousand  and  forty-two  out  of  the  1456  business  and 
professional  women  who  filled  out  the  questionnaires  were  teachers 
in  our  public  schools. 

(a)  The  average  salary  for  this  group  was  $2350.69.     The 
mode  lay  in  the  group  earning  between  $1500  and  $1800.     Here 
again  the  average  was  raised  by  the  comparatively  few  highly 
paid  individuals  (B.  P.  Table  3). 

(b)  The  mode  in  this  group  was  $10.00  for  weekly  rent,  the 
same  as  that  of  the  workers  in  shops,  offices  and  factories,  but 
the  average,  $13.53,  is  nearly  $4.00  higher  (Oc.  Table  6). 

(c)  A  study  of  Oc.  Tables  6  and  8a  shows  that  in  this  group 
as  in  the  others  the  very  high  percentage  live  with  their  families 
or  in  housekeeping  apartments  and  prefer  so  to  live.     In  other 
words,  women  want  their  own  homes  even  though  it  entails  more 
work  and  more  responsibility. 

V  Data  was  available  concerning  386  colored  women  who  ap- 
plied for  rooms  at  the  Colored  Branch  of  the  Rooms  Registry  of 
the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  in  Harlem.     And  678 
employed  women  filled  in  the  questionnaire. 

(a)  The  mode  for  rent  paid  by  colored  women  who  applied  at 
the  Colored  Branch  was  $2.00  less  than  that  of  those  applying  at 
the  Central  Branch,  while  the  average  paid  was  $1.99  less  (R.  R. 
Table  4). 

(b)  Nearly  half  of  these  were  transients  (48  per  cent.)  and  all 
were  found  rooms  only  (R.  R.  Tables  1  and  2). 

(c)  Thirty-seven  per  cent,  only  were  under  30  years  of  age. 

(d)  The  mode  for  rent  paid  by  the  678  workers  who  filled  out 
the  questionnaires   was   the  same   as   that   found  in   the  Rooms 
Registries,  namely,  $5.00.    The  average  was  $5.19  (Col.  Table  3). 
Table  3). 

(e)  The  average  wage  received  by  the  entire  group  filling  in 
the  questionnaire  was  $17.20  per  week.     It  seems  probable  that 
the  wage  level  is  about  the  same  for  both  groups  studied. 

(f)  Only  forty-one  per  cent,  of  these  women  lived  with  their 
families  (Col.  Table  9).     This  is  a  smaller  group  than  any  for 


10  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

which  we  have  data  with  the  exception  of  the  white  domestic 
servants. 

(g)  Of  those  who  expressed  a  preference  as  to  housing  (509 
out  of  678)  seventy- three  per  cent,  would  prefer  to  keep  house  in 
an  apartment  if  rents  were  not  prohibitive  (Col.  Table  13). 
Like  their  white  sisters  they  prefer  their  own  homes. 

(h)  The  percentage  of  women  having  dependents  is  precisely 
the  same  as  in  the  white  group. 

Further  details  of  the  situation  as  to  colored  women  will  be 
found  in  Chapter  VI  and  in  Col.  Tables  1-15. 

VI  The  consideration  of  the  needs  of  the  older  woman  is  im- 
portant.    She  is  not  received  in  most  Organized  Homes.     She  is 
frequently  not  wanted  in  rooming  and  boarding  houses.     In  occu- 
pations other  than  professional  her  earning  capacity  decreases 
after   forty   years.      She   greatly   prefers    an   independent   home 
(Table  T  4a). 

VII  There  is  no  indication  of  any  lowering  of  rents.     R.  R. 
Table  16  (a)  shows  increases  in  the  first  three  months  of  1921 
over  those  paid  in  1920. 

A  discussion  of  the  various  suggestions  as  to  housing  made  by 
the  women  themselves  who  filled  the  questionnaires  will  be  found 
in  Chapter  VII,  while  Chapter  VIII  describes  several  interesting 
experiments  in  the  housing  of  employed  women. 

Only  a  partial  analysis  of  the  data  presented  in  the  tables  is 
given  above.  Many  other  relationships  can  be  discovered  by  more 
intensive  study  of  the  tables. 

We  have  deliberately  refrained  from  illustrating  this  study  by 
relating  any  of  the  many  "human  interest"  stories  in  our  posses- 
sion. We  have  preferred  to  present  our  results  in  statistical  form. 
Certain  general  conclusions,  however,  have  been  reached  by  the 
Committee : 

First:  Notwithstanding  the  admirable  and  at  this  time  un- 
doubtedly necessary  work  done  by  organized  and  subsidized  homes, 
this  method  of  caring  for  employed  girls  is  economically  unsound. 
Even  were  it  desirable  to  meet  the  housing  situation  in  this  way 
it  would  be  absolutely  impossible  to  secure  benefactions  adequate 
to  the  needs. 

Second:  Rooms  Registries  are  a  most  important  agency  in 
making  available  to  the  employed  woman  clean,  comfortable  and 


INTRODUCTION.  11 

safe  quarters.  They  likewise  serve  a  useful  purpose  in  bringing 
respectable  lodgers  to  householders  who  are  in  a  position  to  rent 
one  or  more  rooms  as  well  as  valuable  to  professional  rooming 
house  keepers.  They  are  as  yet  in  no  case  even  approximately 
self-supporting.  They  need  further  standardization,  co-operation 
and  above  all  publicity.  Many  a  girl  who  has  been  led  by  news- 
paper advertisements  to  take  a  room,  undesirable  from  both  con- 
siderations of  health  and  morals,  has  not  known  of  the  existence 
of  such  a  helpful  agency. 

Undoubtedly  further  development  will  lead  to  reduction  of 
costs,  but  for  the  immediate  future  they  must  be  supported  largely 
by  private  contributions. 

Third:  The  great  desire  on  the  part  of  the  majority  of  em- 
ployed women  is  a  home  of  their  own.  This  was  shown  in  every 
group  studied. 

The  greatest  contributions  to  the  whole  problem  of  their  hous- 
ing will  lie  along  the  line  of  experimentation  as  to  what  can  be 
done  to  provide  one  or  two  room  suites  with  bath  and  tiny  kitchen- 
ette either  in  houses  containing  only  this  type  of  apartment  or 
in  houses  or  tenements  containing  also  large  suites.  The  solution 
of  the  question  will  only  be  reached  when  such  apartments  can  be 
built  and  rented  within  prices  which  can  be  met  by  the  various 
employed  groups  and  still  net  say  five  per  cent,  on  the  investment. 
Location  and  transportation  facilities  must  also  be  considered. 

The  problem  is  not  an  easy  one  to  solve. 


METHOD  OF  INVESTIGATION 

The  plan  of  study  and  sources  of  information 

In  1915  Miss  Esther  Packard,  working  under  a  committee  of 
the  Metropolitan  Board  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation, made  an  excellent  study  of  living  conditions  of  employed 
women  in  New  York  City.  The  plan  included,  first,  the  investiga- 
tion of  the  resources,  policies  and  work  of  the  non-commercial 
Organized  Homes  for  girls,  together  with  the  study  of  the  social 
needs  of  the  girls  living  in  them,  and,  second,  the  study  of  the 
housing  conditions  of  girls  who  are  living  away  from  home,  but 
who  were  not  reached  by  these  houses.  The  study,  on  the  insti- 
tutional side,  was  made  by  visiting  each  such  home  in  New  York 
City,  talking  with  the  superintendent  in  charge,  and,  in  some 
cases,  examining  the  records  and  accounts.  In  order  to  get  into 
intimate  touch  with  the  life  of  such  places,  an  experienced  investi- 
gator lived  in  fifteen  of  these  homes,  averaging  a  week  in  each. 
In  the  six  months  given  to  this  investigation,  data  was  obtained 
from  842  girls. 

Owing  to  the  great  economic  changes  of  the  last  six  years,  a  cer- 
tain part  of  the  data  that  was  obtained,  notably  in  regard  to  prices 
and  wages,  is  not  accurate  for  today.  Other  sections  of  the 
report,  such  as  that  on  the  constructive  work  of  Organized  Homes, 
restrictions  and  regulations  in  homes,  with  the  attitude  of  the 
girls  toward  them,  and  the  question  of  self-government,  were 
treated  so  ably  in  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association 
report,  and  are  so  unchanged  today,  that  there  is  no  need  to 
repeat  that  work. 

The  plan  adopted  by  the  committee  for  the  present  study  pro- 
posed first,  to  bring  up  to  date,  by  personal  visits  and  inquiry, 
the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  investigation  of  the 
Organized  Homes ;  second,  to  make  a  study  of  the  principal  Rooms 
Registries  which  secure  living  quarters  for  women,  to  see  in  how 
far  they  contribute  to  the  solution  of  the  problem;  and  third,  to 
study  the  living  conditions  of  selected  groups  of  employed  women 

by  means  of  a  questionnaire. 

[13] 


HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

The  questionnaire 

The  questionnaire,  as  worked  out,  was  simple,  yet  it  called  for 
the  data  in  regard  to  present  and  preferred  housing,  cost  of  living, 
salaries,  ages  and  dependents  that  the  committee  desired.  The 
person  filling  it  in  was  not  asked  to  give  her  name  or  address,  nor 
the  firm  for  which  she  worked ;  thus  her  anonymity  was  perfectly 
preserved.  We  hoped  that  this  fact  would  take  away  all  feeling 
that  she  was  betraying  her  personal  circumstances,  but  it  did  not 
do  so  to  the  less  intelligent  women.  Many  a  girl  said  stiffly, 
"That  is  my  personal  affair,"  and  an  unfortunately  large  number 
were  unwilling  to  give  such  important  data  as  earnings  and 
amount  of  rent  paid.  Moreover,  despite  the  efforts  of  the  com- 
mittee to  make  the  questionnaire  concise  yet  clear,  many  answers 
were  ambiguous,  and  in  some  cases  did  not  seem  to  fall  within  the 
phrasing  of  the  question.  Owing  to  the  anonymity  of  the  ques- 
tionnaires, the  investigators  had  no  means  of  checking  the  ac- 
curacy of  the  statements  on  the  cards,  and  they  recognize  that 
either  unconscious  or  wilful  misstatements  might  very  easily  be 
made.  All  of  this  makes  it  difficult  to  draw  exact  deductions 
from  the  material,  although  the  committee  feels  that  general  and 
average  results  would  be  but  slightly  affected  by  the  probable 
inaccuracy  of  some  of  the  data. 

Method  of  obtaining  answers  to  the  questionnaires 

The  plan  of  the  directors  was  to  interest  general  or  employ- 
ment managers  or  social  workers  in  factories,  stores  and  offices  in 
our  object  and  gain  their  co-operation.  Starting  out  .with  some 
of  the  large  establishments,  we  seemed  very  successful.  The  men 
and  women  approached  recognized  the  hard  conditions  produced 
by  the  housing  shortage,  sympathized  with  the  object  of  the  sur- 
vey, and  said  they  would  gladly  hand  the  questionnaires  to  their 
women  workers.  But  in  no  case  would  they  permit  our  investiga- 
tors to  approach  their  employees  directly.  This  was  the  first 
disappointment,  for,  as  we  found  out  by  experience,  every  middle- 
man between  us  and  the  worker  lessened  the  chance  of  her  interest 
in  the  plan  and  her  co-operation.  In  some  cases,  however,  the 
manager  was  so  enthusiastic  that  the  employees  responded  readily. 
Another  approach  was  to  the  teachers  in  the  public  schools. 
Dr.  Ettinger  very  kindly  permitted  the  directors  to  go  to  the 


METHOD    OF    INVESTIGATION.  15 

principals  of  the  schools,  and  state  their  object,  and  if  the  prin- 
cipal was  interested,  he  would  lay  the  questionnaires  before  his 
teachers,  who  would  then  fill  them  in  if  they  chose. 

No  superior  in  any  institution  made  it  obligatory  on  his  em- 
ployees to  give  this  information. 

For  several  months  members  of  the  staff  went  to  various  estab- 
lishments trying  to  interest  employers  and  principals  in  the  sur 
vey.  At  first  it  seemed  as  if  an  enormous  amount  of  data  would 
be  the  result,  but  gradually  the  following  difficulties  declared  them- 
selves— some  managers  of  big  establishments  received  the  ques- 
tionnaires courteously,  but  never  turned  them  over  to  their  em- 
ployees; others  offered  the  questionnaires  to  their  workers,  who 
were  too  uninterested  to  fill  them  in.  In  still  other  cases,  the 
managers  made  considerable  effort  to  get  their  workers  to  fill  in 
the  cards,  but  met  with  only  partial  success,  owing  to  suspicion, 
lack  of  public  spirit,  or  absence  of  interest  on  the  part  of  the 
employees.  The  best  results  were  obtained  from  the  more  in- 
telligent class,  who  gave  thought  to  their  answers,  and  the  poorest 
results  came  from  the  foreign-born  factory  workers.  A  special 
study  was  made  of  the  colored  women  of  upper  Harlem,  as  the 
congestion  there  is  very  great  and  the  need  for  more  houses  and 
better  protection  for  young  womanhood  is  clamorous.  A  colored 
woman  was  secured  from  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Associa- 
tion to  take  the  questionnaires  to  employers.  In  this  case  one  of 
the  great  difficulties  was  that  the  women  in  filling  in  the  ques- 
tionnaires would  often  omit  the  most  important  questions,  thus 
rendering  their  data  less  valuable. 

The  total  number  of  questionnaires  filled  in  fairly  satisfactorily 
in  this  investigation  was  9460.  Several  hundred  others  had  to 
be  thrown  away,  because  they  contained  no  information  of  value, 
a  good  many  containing  only  the  occupation  and  age  of  the 
worker.  Still  others  were  returned  too  late  to  be  included  in  the 
tables.  The  data  from  white  workers  came  from  22  factories,  15 
stores,  17  offices,  3  professional  club  lists,  the  public  schools  and 
libraries,  the  Manhattan  Trade  School,  5  clubs  and  settlements 
and  6  publishing  houses.  The  data  for  the  colored  women  was 
taken  from  65  establishments,  including  29  small  factories,  the 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association  and  9  offices,  1  store,  5 
laundries  and  several  sewing  and  dressmaking  establishments. 


16  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

The  three  investigators  visited  fruitlessly  some  three  hundred 
firms  who  refused  to  hand  out  the  questionnaires.  Their  reasons 
were  various  and  some  of  them  cogent.  The  manager  of  one  big 
institution  said  that  their  employees  were  very  nervous  about 
wages  and  would  view  such  a  questionnaire  as  a  means  of  learning 
whether  they  could  not  live  on  less  than  they  were  earning,  in 
short  as  a  prelude  to  reducing  wages.  Others  said  that  question- 
naires had  been  overdone,  and  that  their  employees  were  tired  of 
giving  out  information.  A  manager  of  a  large  bank  felt  that  the 
employees  would  suspect  the  directors  of  ulterior  motives  if  they 
allowed  such  a  questionnaire  to  be  circulated.  In  still  other  cases, 
the  employers  would  have  co-operated  had  they  not  been  moving 
or  in  some  especial  rush  of  business. 

The  directors  of  the  survey  were  obliged  to  recognize  while  it 
was  practically  no  effort  for  an  intelligent  worker  to  fill  in  a 
^questionnaire,  that  for  a  manager  to  lay  the  matter  before  several 
hundred  employees  so  as  to  gain  their  interest,  and  then  distribute 
and  collect  questionnaires,  was  a  considerable  task;  and  they  are 
very  grateful  to  those  public-spirited  and  courteous  employers 
and  managers  who  undertook  this  work.  In  a  small  number  of 
cases  a  manager  or  employer  was  plainly  not  interested  in  such 
survey,  nor  in  the  housing  question. 

The  questionnaires  were  filled  in,  as  we  have  said,  mainly  by 
workers  in  stores,  in  factories,  in  offices,  and  in  public  schools 
and  libraries.  To  these  were  added  lawyers  and  physicians,  whose 
names  were  obtained  from  official  lists,  members  of  the  Business 
and  Professional  Women's  Club  and  the  Civic  Club,  residents  of 
social  settlements,  nurses'  clubs,  organized  homes  and  trade 
schools.  From  this  last  named  source  we  obtained  the  records  of 
women  who  work  daytimes  and  study  a  trade  in  the  evening,  and 
this  included  domestic  workers,  a  good  many  dressmakers  and 
sewing  women  and  others  not  found  in  the  above  lists. 

The  offices  were  some  of  them  small  offices  with  one  stenographer 
and  some  of  them  large  establishments  with  50  to  5000  clerical 
workers.  Those  who  gave  the  information  range  from  statisti- 
cians to  telephone  girls,  with  general  office  workers  in  the  lead. 

In  the  stores,  naturally,  saleswomen  predominate,  but  cashiers, 
clerical  workers  and  stock  girls  also  are  numerous.  Hand  workers, 
young  girls  acting  as  messengers,  etc.  and  a  very  few  highly  paid 


METHOD    OF    INVESTIGATION.  17 

women,  such  as  buyers  and  advertisers,  are  included  in  this  group. 
Domestic  and  personal  workers  include  besides  cleaners,  cooks  and 
maids,  all  personal  attendants,  such  as  untrained  nurses,  gover- 
nesses, etc.  and  also  women  doing  such  personal  work  for  clients 
as  is  done  in  beauty  parlors, — manicuring,  hairdressing  and  simi- 
lar work. 

The  factories  embrace  a  varied  group,  best  understood  from 
the  Table  Oc.  3. 

The  business  and  professional  women  include  besides  the 
lawyers,  physicians,  nurses,  librarians,  teachers  and  social  workers 
listed,  smaller  numbers  of  sellers  of  bonds  and  insurance,  busi- 
ness managers,  bankers,  architects,  musicians  and  writers  and 
journalists. 


II 

ORGANIZED  HOMES  FOR  EMPLOYED  WOMEN  IN  THE 
BOROUGH  OF  MANHATTAN,  NEW  YORK  CITY 

Definition 

By  Organized  Homes,  we  mean  boarding  houses  for  self-sup- 
porting women  and  girls,  whose  object  is  not  commercial  and 
which  furnish  a  certain  amount  of  social  life  and  supervision  to 
the  residents.  The  list  that  the  committee  presents  does  not  in- 
clude, on  the  one  hand,  purely  commercial  houses  such  as  the 
Martha  Washington  Hotel  and  the  Rutledge  Hotel,  which,  never- 
theless, occupy  an  important  place  in  the  city's  available  accom- 
modations for  women ;  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  does  it  include  homes 
for  delinquent  girls  or  places  that  are  purely  charitable. 

Number 

The  list  of  Organized  Homes  here  given  differs  from  that  of 
1915  in  the  following  particulars.  In  1915  the  total  number  of 
homes  in  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  report  was 
fifty-four.  Of  these  11  have  since  gone  out  of  existence,  one,  St. 
Mary's,  141  West  14th  Street,  has  been  omitted  as  being  a  purely 
charitable  institution.  One,  The  Shelter  for  Respectable  Girls, 
has  changed  its  name  to  the  Sister  Catherine  Home,  but  has  not 
otherwise  changed.  The  number  included  in  our  present  list  is 
fifty-eight.  Thirteen  of  these  have  been  opened  since  1915.  Three 
previously  opened,  not  included  in  the  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association  list  have  been  added.  The  total  number  of  girls  ac- 
commodated in  1915,  at  once,  was  3674,  and  in  1921  is  4417, 
showing  an  increase  of  743.  This  increase  of  20.22  per  cent,  has 
not  kept  pace  with  the  increase  in  demand.  The  demand  for  these 
homes  is  so  great  that  in  response  to  inquiries  it  was  learned  that 
practically  every  home  was  full,  and  nearly  every  home  had  a 
waiting  list.  Several  had  a  list  so  long  that  their  directors  re- 
fused to  add  any  more  names.  In  the  summer  months  the  houses 
are  not  so  crowded,  but  even  then  there  are  few  vacancies.  The 
Central  Club  for  Nurses  claims  to  be  able  to  fill  four  hundred  more 
rooms,  and  begs  for  an  addition  to  its  building. 

[19] 


20  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

Plan 

The  ordinary  plan  for  Organized  Homes  is  one  fairly  large 
building  containing  a  number  of  either  single  or  double  rooms 
and  occasionally  a  dormitory,  as  well  as  sitting  rooms,  rooms 
where  light  laundry  work  may  be  done,  baths,  and  sometimes  a 
roof  garden.  The  public  rooms  are  tastefully  furnished  and  made 
attractive  to  the  girls  and  their  callers.  In  most  homes  there  is 
either  a  dining  room  or  a  cafeteria  open  to  the  public  as  well  as  to 
residents,  and  sometimes  there  are  both.  In  the  Colored  Women's 
Residence  Hall,  connected  with  the  Colored  Branch  of  the  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association,  no  meals  are  served. 

A  plan  for  an  Organized  Home  that  is  essentially  different  from 
the  above  is  that  of  the  Girls'  Community  Club.  This  consists  of 
several  model  rooming  houses  grouped  around  a  club  house.  The 
Studio  Club,  one  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association's 
Organized  Homes,  is  also  beginning  to  add  rooming  houses  on  this 
plan,  as  it  is  realized  that  the  recreational  and  eating  facilities  of 
the  club  could  serve  more  girls  than  can  be  housed  there.  This 
plan  will  be  treated  more  fully  later. 

Price  of  rooms  and  board 

In  these  homes,  the  change  in  prices  is  as  follows :  The  prices 
for  a  room  and  usually  two  meals  a  day  and  three  on  Sunday  in 
1915  (Y.  W.  C.  A.  Report,  pages  12-17),  ranged  from  $1.50  to 
$12.00  a  week.  The  prices  for  the  same  in  1921  range  from 
$4.00  to  $17.00  (Table  O.  H.  1).  This  is  an  increase  of  166  per 
cent,  in  the  minimum  and  41.6  per  cent,  in  the  maximum  rates. 

Financial  aspect  of  Organized  Homes 

Organized  Homes  are  able  to  give  better  living  at  a  relatively 
low  price  than  can  be  had  at  the  same  rate  in  other  places,  for 
several  reasons.  In  the  first  place,  they  are  seldom,  if  ever,  en- 
tirely self-supporting.  The  building  is  generally  given  outright, 
and  also  the  furnishings,  and  sometimes  it  is  endowed.  The 
Girls'  Community  Club  claims  that  it  is  now  self-supporting  and 
can  pay  10  per  cent,  on  the  investment,  but  it  was  started  by  gifts 
of  money.  The  second  factor  in  the  moderation  of  charge  in  these 


ORGANIZED    HOMES    FOR    EMPLOYED    WOMEN.  1 

homes  is  the  absence  of  any  attempt  to  make  a  profit.     No  owner 
makes  his  living  from  these  homes ;  they  are  non-commercial. 

The  result  of  these  two  factors  is  that  the  residents  in  an 
Organized  Home  although  they  may  not  get  better  room  and 
board  than  they  could  get  elsewhere  for  the  money,  at  least  get 
better  parlors  and  opportunities  for  recreation  and  many  of  the 
advantages  of  a  club  at  a  price  for  which  they  could  not  possibly 
buy  them  elsewhere. 

Economic  consideration 

Whether  as  a  large  economic  problem  it  is  well  to  accustom 
girls  to  a  scale  of  living  for  which  they  cannot  pay  and  which 
they  cannot  keep  up  after  marriage;  or  whether,  if  on  a  large 
scale,  homes  are  established  that  accommodate  women  for  less 
money  than  commercial  establishments  could  afford,  it  would  not 
tend  to  depress  women's  wages,  are  fair  questions.  Perhaps  an 
ideal  plan  would  be  to  furnish  the  very  best  accommodations  that 
could  be  secured  for  a  price  within  the  reach  of  the  class  in  mind, 
and  still  yield  from  5  to  10  per  cent,  on  the  investment  of  capital. 
Whether  this  can  be  done  at  the  present  cost  of  construction 
without  interesting  philanthropy  to  present  the  original  building 
is  doubtful. 

Data  from  questionnaires 

Turning  to  the  questionnaires  for  data,  we  find  that  out  of 
5000  manual,  clerical  and  mercantile  women,  seventy-nine  stated 
that  they  live  in  Organized  Homes;  and  of  1456  business  and 
professional  women,  thirty-six  lived  in  such  institutions.  Of  the 
seventy-nine,  only  twenty-five  said  that  they  preferred  Organized 
Homes,  but  of  the  thirty-six  professionals,  thirty-four  preferred 
this  life. 

The  ages  of  the  manual,  clerical  and  mercantile  women  in 
Homes,  show  that  most  of  them  are  between  fourteen  and  twenty- 
five  years  of  age,  while  the  largest  number  of  the  professional 
group  is  between  twenty-five  and  thirty-five.  As  the  age  limit 
for  the  Homes  is  generally  thirty-five,  the  ages  are  of  necessity 
low. 

The   fact   that    the   Young   Women's    Christian    Association's 


HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

Homes  take  in  a  certain  number  of  transients  without  respect  to 
age  or  wage  is  an  interesting  one.  These  houses  thus  meet  a  real 
need  in  providing  respectable  accommodations  for  older  women 
who  are  in  the  city  for  but  a  short  time,  or  who  need  a  place  to 
come  to  while  looking  for  permanent  quarters.  The  prices  for 
transients  are,  however,  much  higher  than  those  for  permanent 
roomers,  $1.50  a  night  being  not  uncommon. 


Ill 

STUDY  OF  ROOMS  REGISTRIES 

Next  in  importance  to  a  sufficient  supply  of  safe  rooming  ac- 
commodations for  employed  women  is  some  arrangement  by  which 
they  may  find  the  rooms.  To  meet  this  need,  there  are  a  number 
of  rooms  registries  in  Manhattan.  These  generally  consist  of 
an  office  in  which  is  kept  the  list  of  available  rooms,  boarding 
houses  and  Organized  Homes  to  which  persons  desiring  accom- 
modations may  apply,  in  some  cases  paying  a  small  fee  and  in 
others  receiving  gratuitous  service.  The  committee  obtained  a 
list  of  Rooms  Registries  in  Manhattan  which  included  nine  agen- 
cies finding  accommodations  for  women.  The  information  follow- 
ing is  the  result  of  correspondence,  personal  visitation  and  de- 
tailed study  of  records. 

The  Rooms  Registry  of  The  League  of  Catholic  Women  is 
only  a  few  months  old  and  has  but  few  records.  It  has  taken 
this  work  from  the  hands  of  the  Carroll  Club.  The  director 
states  that  it  places  about  seventy-two  girls  a  month.  About 
fifteen  are  placed  in  Catholic  Organized  Homes  and  the  rest  are 
sent  to  rooms  in  private  apartments.  The  Rooms  Registry  of 
the  Community  Service  has  grown  out  of  its  activities  for  the 
soldiers  and  until  very  recently  has  worked  almost  exclusively 
for  men.  Since  April,  1921,  however,  it  has  become  a  general 
Rooms  Registry,  and  is  investigating  rooms  for  women  as  well  as 
men.  Its  records  are  not  as  yet  of  value. 

The  Travelers'  Aid  Rooms  Registry  is  exclusively  for  tran- 
sients and  keeps  very  slight  records. 

The  Columbia  University  Board  and  Room  Direction  has  a 
Rooms  Registry  for  students  of  Columbia.  In  the  summer  of 
1920  it  was  asked  to  provide  for  3500  students  for  the  summer 
session,  and  during  the  year  to  provide  for  3000  students.  The 
prices  of  the  rooms  that  are  available  range  from  an  occasional 
room  for  $5.00  to  $16.00  a  week.  The  average  price,  they  say, 
is  $8.00  a  week.  Students  quite  generally  want  kitchen  privi- 
leges where  they  may  do  their  own  laundry  and  some  cooking, 
and  thus  reduce  costs. 

Near  Columbia  is  the  Institute  of  Musical  Arts,  which  has  a 

[23] 


24  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

Rooms  Registry  for  its  students.  This  meets  much  the  same  con- 
ditions as  Columbia  except  that  it  places  relatively  few  and  keeps 
few  records.  As  its  applicants  are  music  students  they  have  to 
pay  a  little  more  than  the  Columbia  students.  These  school  regis- 
tries are  samples  of  the  Rooms  Registries  to  be  found  in  connec- 
tion with  many  of  the  private  day  schools  of  the  city. 

One  of  the  most  important  Rooms  Registries  for  women  in 
Manhattan,  of  those  chosen  for  special  study,  is  that  of  The  Asso- 
ciation to  Promote  Proper  Housing  for  Girls.  As  the  cards  for 
individual  records  are  very  incomplete,  we  cannot  handle  these 
records  statistically. 

The  Association  to  Promote  Proper  Housing  for  Girls,  Inc., 
Bureau  of  Boarding  Houses 

In  February,  1913,  at  a  conference  of  women  interested  it  was 
decided  to  open  a  Bureau  of  Boarding  Houses  for  Girls,  where 
all  the  vacancies  in  the  organized  houses  for  girls  might  be  re- 
ported daily,  so  that  girls  applying  for  board  might  be  placed 
with  the  least  expenditure  to  them  of  time,  anxiety  and  carfare. 
The  demand  from  girls  for  room  and  board  proved  far  in  excess 
of  the  accommodations  to  be  found  in  the  Organized  Homes  and 
it  became  necessary  to  investigate  boarding  and  rooming  houses 
to  meet  the  need  of  the  girls  for  a  decent  and  safe  place  to  live. 
In  order  that  a  special  effort  towards  standardization  might  be 
made  of  boarding  and  rooming  houses,  the  Association  to  Pro- 
mote Proper  Housing  for  Girls  was  formed  in  1915  and  the 
bureau  fell  under  its  care. 

In  connection  with  the  Bureau  of  Boarding  Houses  is  run  the 
Girls'  Community  Club,  but  the  budget  of  the  Bureau  of  Board- 
ing Houses  is  entirely  separate.  As  the  object  of  this  bureau 
is  service  and  its  office  receipts  are  very  small, — the  only  charge 
being  twenty-five  cents  paid  upon  first  application  by  any  woman 
who  is  earning  over  $6.00  a  week,  and  a  fee  of  one  dollar  for 
registered  boarding  houses — it  is  not  self-supporting.  It  is 
financed  by  a  board  of  directors  and  a  membership  of  about  900 
members  and  donors.  The  work  of  the  bureau  has  expanded  so 
rapidly,  an  opportunity  for  a  branch  association  having  opened, 
that  an  increased  income  is  now  desired. 

The  Bureau  of  Boarding  Houses  employs  a  staff  of  four  women, 


STUDY    OP    ROOMS    REGISTRIES.  25 

who  examine  every  house  and  room  to  which  it  sends  applicants. 
Great  pains  are  taken  to  find  out  whether  the  rooms  submitted 
are  really  vacant  and  suitable  before  the  applicants  are  sent  to 
see  them. 

The  staff  reports  weekly  to  an  investigation  committee,  which 
is  composed  of  representatives  from  different  parts  of  the  city. 
The  committee  must  pass  on  all  houses  before  they  can  be  ad- 
mitted to  the  list  of  the  bureau.  If  it  is  necessary,  the  matter  is 
referred  with  criticism  to  the  landlady,  who  has  a  chance  to  bring 
up  her  standard,  which  the  committee  has  not  found  sufficiently 
high.  The  standards  of  this  committee  in  common  with  those  of 
the  other  registries  studied  are  cleanliness,  suitable  furnishings, 
ample  heat,  telephone  (in  the  house  or  at  some  near-by  place 
where  arrangements  can  be  made  to  call  the  landlady)  and  a 
thoroughly  responsible  person  in  charge. 

The  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association 

The  Rooms  Registry  Bureau  located  in  the  110th  Street  build- 
ing of  the  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association  is  supervised  by 
an  independent  committee  of  women  and  is  maintained  by  a  sepa- 
rate budget.  It  employs  a  secretary  and  an  assistant.  Its  policy 
is  to  discover  private  homes  of  good  character  which  will  offer 
room  and  board  to  employed  girls  at  moderate  rates.  It  chooses 
homes  where  the  girls  can  be  in  a  measure  members  of  the  family, 
and  where  the  landlady  will  take  a  personal  interest  in  the  girl. 
Accordingly,  its  records  show  a  large  proportion  of  girls  placed 
with  room  and  board. 

The  Young  Women's  Christian  Association 

The  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  maintains  six  Rooms 
Registries,  one  at  each  of  the  following  branches :  Central,  Har- 
lem, West  Side,  Bronx  and  The  Colored  Women's  and  one  at  the 
Margaret  Louisa.  These  six  registries  are  co-ordinated  through 
the  Bureau  of  Rooms  Registries,  a  department  of  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association  city  administrative  system,  estab- 
lished in  1919  when  the  demands  upon  the  separate  registries  were 
such  that  the  need  of  a  central  clearing  house  and  a  co-ordinat- 
ing system  through  which  uniform  standards  and  methods  might 
be  reached  was  found  to  be  imperative. 


26  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

With  the  establishment  of  the  bureau,  duplication  has  been 
done  away  with.  All  the  information  obtained  by  any  branch 
is  at  the  service  of  all  the  others,  thus  effecting  a  great  saving 
of  time  and  effort,  as  well  as  of  money,  and  an  improved  service. 

Through  the  bureau  the  various  registries  are  kept  in  touch 
with  such  organizations  and  institutions  as  relate  to  the  Rooms 
Registry  service.  The  bureau  keeps  a  constant  survey  of  con- 
ditions as  they  affect  and  are  affected  by  Rooms  Registry,  and 
endeavors  to  bring  the  possibilities  of  the  Rooms  Registry  service 
to  the  attention  of  persons  and  organizations  that  might  profit- 
ably make  use  of  it,  if  they  are  not  already  doing  so. 

During  the  year  1920,  these  six  registries  received  a  total  of 
15,540  applications  for  rooms.  Of  this  number  7285  are  known 
to  have  been  placed.  The  large  majority  of  these  applicants 
were  placed  in  private  homes  which  had  been  investigated  by 
the  registry  staff  workers.  This  work  entailed  the  services  of 
nine  persons  giving  their  entire  time  to  the  work  and  five  more 
giving  part  time,  the  total  service  being  that  of  10  1-2  persons. 
The  total  expenditure  for  Rooms  Registry  work  in  the  Association 
for  1920  was  $18,121.09.  This  expenditure  represents  the 
salaries,  carfares,  file  cards,  stationery,  postage  and  incidental 
expenses.  It  does  not,  however,  include  office  rent,  heat,  light,  or 
telephone,  as  those  items  are  covered  by  the  general  budget. 

Under  the  supervision  of  the  bureau  standards  of  Rooms 
Registry  work  in  the  Association  have  risen  steadily.  Each  room 
now  listed  by  the  Association  represents  not  merely  a  careful  in- 
vestigation of  the  house  and  neighborhood,  but  a  personal  call 
upon  one  reference  given  by  the  housekeeper  who  lists  the  room. 
The  bureau  requires  that  at  least  one  reference  be  a  woman, 
preferably  both,  and  that  the  references  be  based  upon  a  personal 
acquaintance  with  the  housekeeper  and  her  home.  The  reference 
of  a  purely  business  acquaintance  is  not  considered  adequate. 

The  entire  work  of  investigation  is  closely  co-ordinated  under 
the  bureau,  and  each  investigation  is  passed  upon  at  the  bureau 
before  it  is  permitted  to  go  on  file  at  any  branch. 

Registries  chosen  for  special  study 

The  only  Rooms  Registries  whose  records  extended  over  a  con- 
siderable period  and  had  been  kept  with  sufficient  completeness  to 


STUDY    OF    ROOMS    REGISTRIES.  27 

make  a  statistical  study  worth  while  are  those  of  the  Young 
Women's  Hebrew  Association  and  the  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association.  We  chose  the  Central  Branch  and  the  Colored 
Branch  of  the  latter  as  typical  of  the  work  done  by  that 
organization. 

Method  of  obtaining  the  data  used  in  tables 

These  organizations  were  most  courteous  in  permitting  us  to 
use  the  files  of  their  Rooms  Registries.  We  chose  to  take  all 
cards  which  gave  the  necessary  data  filed  from  January  1,  1920, 
to  March  31,  1921,  a  period  of  fifteen  months.  At  the  Central 
Branch  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  a  careful 
comparison  month  by  month  of  the  number  of  cards  used  with 
the  total  number  of  applicants  shows  an  equal  proportion  and 
thus  gives  a  fair  cross-section  of  the  whole.  The  data  was  taken 
from  the  cards  by  workers  from  The  Library  Bureau  and  later 
tabulated  by  them. 

The  card  used  in  these  three  registries,  and,  indeed,  in  prac- 
tically all  of  the  Rooms  Registries  of  the  city,  was  the  same;  the 
completeness  with  which  it  was  filled  out  varied  widely.  It  seems 
to  be  considered  a  delicate  matter  to  obtain  data  as  to  the  ages 
and  incomes  of  the  applicants.  In  a  great  many  cases  this  was 
omitted,  and  the  Bureau  of  Boarding  Houses  so  seldom  got  this 
data  that  their  cards  were  not  useful  to  this  study.  On  the 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association  cards,  the  ages  are  given 
only  as  "under  thirty"  and  "over  thirty",  whereas  in  the  Young 
Women's  Hebrew  Association  the  ages  are  given  exactly.  In  the 
Central  Branch  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  the 
salaries  are  not  recorded,  whereas  they  are  in  the  Colored  Branch. 

One  difficulty  of  which  all  registries  complain,  is  that  the  appli- 
cants for  accommodations  do  not  report  whether  they  have  taken 
the  rooms  or  not,  so  that  the  number  of  those  placed  in  rooms  are 
always  incomplete.  These  various  omissions  account  for  the  large 
number  of  "not  given"  in  the  resultant  tables. 

The  Rooms  Registries  keep  a  careful  description  of  each  room 
offered  to  the  applicants,  but  they  do  not  record  this  description 
on  the  cards  filed,  because  of  its  length.  To  have  taken  this  data 
would  have  been  a  prohibitively  large  undertaking.  Therefore, 
we  do  not  know  from  our  records  whether  a  "room"  means  a  room 


28  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

in  an  apartment  with  a  private  family,  or  one  in  a  professional 
rooming  house,  or  a  room  in  a  hotel  or  an  Organized  Home.  The 
directors  of  the  Rooms  Registry  of  the  Young  Women's  Hebrew 
Association  say  that  in  their  case  it  almost  always  means  a  room 
with  a  private  family.  They  feel  that  this  gives  the  young  girl 
the  best  chance  of  a  homelike  atmosphere,  and  when  they  can 
arrange  it  they  always  ask  that  the  roomer  may  have  her  meals 
in  the  same  house. 

There  are  a  great  many  facts,  the  knowledge  of  which  should 
be  of  service  in  determining  the  value  of  the  room  to  the  occu- 
pant, such  as  whether  she  has  the  use  of  the  parlor  for  company » 
whether  she  shares  her  room  with  anyone,  or  has  any  help  in  pay- 
ing for  it,  whether  her  earnings  are  supplemented  in  any  way. 
whether  her  room  is  well  lighted,  heated  and  ventilated.  In  the 
absence  of  this  data,  and  in  the  incompleteness  of  the  data  given, 
the  committee  recognizes  that  its  conclusions  can  be  but  tentative. 

Discussion  of  Tables 
Women  st tidied 

Rooms  Registries'  data  included  women  of  the  ages  of  15  to 
70  (Table  R.  R.  11),  of  35  nationalities  (Table  R.  R.  14),  15 
leading  churches  (Table  R.  R.  15),  of  two  colors  and  84  main 
occupations  with  subdivisions  (Table  R.  R.  5).  This  is  a  pretty 
fair  cross-section  of  the  employed  women  of  Manhattan. 

There  is  some  difference  between  the  classes  placed  in  rooms  by 
the  two  branches  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association 
and  the  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association.  The  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association  .Central  Branch,  seems  to  place 
women  of  somewhat  higher  economic  class  than  does  the  Young 
Women's  Hebrew  Association,  the  highest  room  rent  paid  by  the 
former  being  $9.00  more  than  the  highest  paid  by  the  latter 
(Table  R.  R.  4),  and  the  average  rental  being  $7.85  in  the  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association  and  $4.09  in  the  Young  Women's 
Hebrew  Association.  The  average  salary  received  by  the  Hebrew 
applicants  is  only  $22.18.  Unfortunately,  the  salaries  of  those 
placed  by  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  Central 
Branch  are  not  given.  The  earnings  of  the  colored  women  run 
some  $7.00  lower  than  those  of  the  Hebrew  girls  (Table  R.  R. 
8b)  ;  the  average  earnings  recorded  in  the  Hebrew  Rooms 


STUDY    OF    BOOMS    REGISTRIES.  29 

Registry  being  $22.18  and  the  average  for  the  colored  women 
being  $15.00. 

As  to  occupations,  the  Central  Branch  records  its  largest 
groups  as  trained  nurses,  high-grade  domestics  and  clerical 
workers;  the  Hebrew  Association  places  more  saleswomen,  dress- 
makers, sewing  women  and  clerical  workers;  and  the  Colored 
Branch  takes  care  of  more  domestics  than  any  other  class,  teachers 
forming  the  next  largest  group  (Table  R.  R.  5). 

Occupations 

We  have  arranged  the  occupations  in  a  list  of  34,  varying 
from  day  worker  to  architect,  with  many  of  these  items  including 
a  variety  of  workers.  For  instance,  the  term  "Domestics,  high- 
grade"  includes  companions,  governesses,  housekeepers,  children's 
nurses,  etc. ;  "sewing  women"  includes  embroiderers,  seamstresses, 
bead  and  crochet  workers;  while  "factory  hands"  covers  a  large 
variety  of  jobs.  Of  these  34,  the  largest  group  of  workers  is  the 
nurses  and  masseuses,  who  number  992,  or  over  ten  per  cent,  of 
the  total  number  of  workers.  Next  come  the  high-grade  domes- 
tics, who  number  965,  again  about  ten  per  cent,  of  the  total.  If 
we  take  all  grades  of  domestics,  we  get  the  surprising  percentage 
of  21  per  cent,  for  the  Central  Branch,  6  per  cent,  for  the  Hebrew 
Association,  and  44  per  cent,  for  the  Colored  Branch. 

This  fact  suggests  an  interesting  change  in  the  habits  of 
domestic  workers.  Formerly,  all  servants  lived  in  the  houses 
where  they  were  employed.  In  New  York,  the  scarcity  of  land 
and  houses  has  resulted  in  apartments  so  small  that  the  servants 
can  no  longer  be  accommodated  there,  but  must  "live  out".  As 
they  get  their  food  in  the  houses  of  their  employers,  these  ser- 
vants take  rooms  outside,  unless  they  live  at  home.  This  is  ap- 
parent in  the  tables,  where  we  find  44  per  cent,  of  the  applicants 
to  one  registry  are  domestics. 

Among  the  colored  women,  after  the  domestic  workers,  the 
professional  women  form  the  largest  group — 25  per  cent. — but 
these  professionals  are  much  less  highly  paid  than  the  profes- 
sionals among  the  whites.  The  list  of  colored  professional  women 
includes  fifty-six  teachers,  twenty-six  nurses  and  masseuses,  ten 
social  and  religious  workers,  and  four  instructors  of  music.  None 
of  the  highest  paid  professions  are  represented. 


30  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

Churches 

Taking  up  the  church  affiliations  of  the  applicants  to  the  three 
registries,  we  learn  (from  their  spoken  statement)  that  the  ap- 
plicants to  the  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association  are  largely 
Hebrew  and  (from  the  tables)  that  the  applicants  to  the  Colored 
Branch  are  entirely  Christian.  However,  the  Central  Branch  of 
the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  placed,  in  fifteen 
months,  not  merely  Protestants,  their  co-religionists,  but  119 
Jews,  1951  Catholics,  and  445  women  of  professedly  no  church. 

Ages 

The  ages  of  those  placed  by  the  Rooms  Registries  vary  from 
15  to  70.  In  the  Central  Branch  Registry,  the  ages  are  given  as 
"Under  Thirty"  and  "Over  Thirty."  On  that  basis,  we  find  59 
per  cent,  of  this  registry  under  thirty  years  of  age,  88  per  cent, 
of  the  Hebrews  under  thirty,  and  73  per  cent,  of  the  colored 
women  under  thirty.  We  conclude  that  the  girl  more  than  the 
woman  applies  to  these  registries  for  housing,  but  it  would  not 
be  fair  to  conclude  that  there  are  more  women  in  New  York  under 
thirty  than  over  thirty  who  need  accommodations  (Table  R.  R. 

ii). 

Permanence 

Of  the  applicants  for  rooms  to  the  Young  Women's  Hebrew 
Association  nearly  all  desire  to  take  permanent  rooms,  while  those 
placed  by  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  Central 
Branch,  are  found  evenly  divided  between  those  taking  permanent 
lodgings  and  those  needing  only  temporary  quarters  (Table 
R.  R.  2). 

Prevalence  of  furnished  rooms 

Of  the  applicants  to  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association 
98  per  cent,  live  in  furnished  rooms  and  2  per  cent,  only  take 
rooms  and  meals  in  the  same  house.  In  the  Young  Women's 
Hebrew  Association  the  percentage  of  furnished  rooms  is  only  49 
but  in  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association  Colored  Branch 
it  is  100  per  cent. 

The  prevalence  of  furnished  rooms  confirms  data  obtained  from 
the  questionnaire  to  the  effect  that  boarding  houses  are  rare  these 


STUDY    OF    ROOMS    REGISTRIES.  31 

days.  The  reason  generally  given  is  that  food  and  service  are  so 
costly  that  a  few  boarders  do  not  pay.  Hence  the  tendency  to 
shut  up  the  dining  rooms  of  the  boarding  houses  and  send  all  the 
people  to  the  big  restaurants  and  cafeterias.  The  only  boarding 
houses  to  which  the  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association  sends  its 
girls  are  the  six  kept  by  a  former  social  worker  who  runs  these 
houses  as  a  piece  of  social  service,  although,  of  course,  they  yield 
her  a  living. 

Cost  of  rooms 

The  Rooms  Registries  give  data  on  the  cost  of  rooms  only,  never 
of  apartments.  From  7500  cards  of  the  Young  Women's  Chris- 
tian Association  Central  Branch,  the  lowest  price  recorded  as  paid 
for  a  room  per  week  is  $2.00  and  the  highest,  $31.00.  These  two 
figures  are  both  unusual  and  not  very  significant,  the  real  signifi- 
cance being  in  the  mode.  By  "mode"  we  mean  the  figure  about 
which  group  the  largest  number  of  correlated  figures.  For  in- 
stance, the  mode  of  price  of  rooms  in  this  case  is  $7.00;  that  is, 
there  were  more  people  paying  $7.00  than  any  other  price  (Table 
R.  R.  3).  There  is  no  appreciable  difference  between  the  prices 
paid  by  the  transient  and  those  paid  by  the  permanent  lodgers 
(Table  R.  R.  3)  although  in  the  Colored  Branch  the  permanent 
rooms  run  a  little  higher  than  the  transient. 

Of  the  three  Rooms  Registries,  the  Hebrew  Association  places 
girls  in  the  cheapest  rooms,  and  the  Central  Branch  in  the  highest 
priced.  Rather  curiously,  the  cheapest  rooms  of  the  Colored 
Branch  are  $3.00,  while  those  of  the  Central  Branch  are  $2.00. 
and  of  the  Hebrew  Association  $1.50.  Probably  the  over-crowd- 
ing in  Harlem  has  shut  out  the  lowest  prices  in  the  colored  dis- 
trict (Table  R.  R.  4). 

The  head  of  the  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association  Rooms 
Registry  advises  her  applicants  not  to  pay  over  half  of  their  earn- 
ings for  room  and  board,  unless  they  are  earning  more  than  $30.00 
a  week.  Assuming,  for  convenience,  that  $5.00  is  the  average 
price  for  board  alone  we  find  that  according  to  Table  R.  R.  9. 
118  out  of  the  576  women  recorded  in  this  registry  pay  over  half 
of  their  weekly  earnings  for  room,  plus  $5.00  for  board.  One  is 
even  calculated  as  paying  $7.00  out  of  the  $8.00  that  she  earns, 
although  probably  $5.00  is  too  much  to  allow  for  board  in  this 


32  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

case.  These  rooms,  too,  are  far  from  adequate  for  health  and 
happiness.  The  light  in  many  houses,  both  natural  and  artificial, 
is  very  poor ;  the  gas  is  often  so  bad  that  the  occupant  of  the  room 
cannot  read  after  dark.  The  average  earnings  of  the  Hebrew 
group  are  $22.18  a  week,  and  the  average  rental  is  $4.09;  that 
is,  the  average  percentage  of  income  paid  for  rent  by  this  group 
is  18  per  cent. 

Some  interesting  comparative  data  as  to  the  relation  between 
earnings  and  rent  is  furnished  by  the  monograph  prepared  by 
the  Bureau  of  Municipal  Research  in  April,  1921,  on  "Quantity 
and  Cost  Budget  for  Clerical  Workers  in  New  York  City."  By 
the  "Minimum  Health  and  Comfort"  standards,  a  single  woman 
earning  $1118.00  a  year  is  accorded  in  the  budget  $260.00  for 
room  and  $359.75  for  clothes.  $1118.00  a  year  is  $21.50  a  week. 
Out  of  $21.50  a  week,  this  typical  clerical  worker  spends  $5.00  a 
week  for  room,  which  is  23  per  cent,  of  her  earnings.  She  spends 
$6.92  weekly  for  food,  or  32  per  cent,  of  her  earnings,  and  a  total 
of  55  per  cent,  for  her  board  and  lodging.  This  detail  of  the 
budget  was  obtained  from  the  Rooms  Registries  that  we  have  been 
using.  "Of  these,"  runs  the  report,  "certain  of  the  agencies  re- 
port a  limited  supply  of  rooms  for  $4,00,  and  others  consider 
the  minimum  rate  as  $6.00.  There  seems  to  be  a  sufficient  number 
of  rooms  in  two  or  three  sections  of  the  city  for  $5.00  to  warrant 
the  adoption  of  this  as  a  common  minimum  rate  for  this  investi- 
gation." 

Although  the  large  proportion  of  women  who  have  filled  in  our 
questionnaire  are  earning  over  $1118.00  a  year,  the  percentage 
of  this  budget  might  be  used  as  a  standard  of  comparison ;  namely, 
23  per  cent,  of  earnings  to  be  paid  for  rental,  or  55  per  cent,  for 
board  and  lodging, — which  is  practically  the  estimate  of  the 
Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association. 

Age 

Taking  up  the  question  of  ages,  we  find  that  practically  the 
same  rents  are  paid  by  women  over  thirty  as  by  girls  under  thirty 
years  of  age  (Table  R.  R.  12a).  Table  R.  R.  12b  shows  that 
the  lowest  rent  paid  was  the  same  for  all  the  age  groups  except 
that  between  20  and  25  years,  which  reached  the  minimum  price. 
The  highest  prices  were  paid  between  the  ages  of  25  and  30.  The 


STUDY    OF    ROOMS    REGISTRIES.  33 

highest  room  rent  paid  at  all  was  $20.00,  only  one  person  paying 
it.  The  highest  mode  was  between  the  ages  of  25  and  30  and  the 
lowest  was  between  the  ages  35  and  40,  so  that  women  do  not  seem 
to  advance  from  glory  unto  glory  as  they  grow  older. 

At  the  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association  the  highest  salary 
mode  is  $25.00,  for  the  age  group  of  25  to  30  years  (R.  R.  13), 
and  we  note  that  this  group  pays  the  highest  rental  (R.  R.  12b), 
the  mode  being  $5.00  as  against  $3.00  and  $4.00  for  the  other 
groups. 

The  colored  records  show  a  higher  mode  of  rents  (Table  R.  R. 
7c),  but  the  maximum  is  only  $12.00,  considerably  lower  than 
the  highest  paid  by  whites.  In  this  case,  the  highest  rents  are 
paid  by  the  age  group  35  to  45,  the  mode  being  $7.00. 

It  would  seem  desirable  that  there  be  enough  rooms  for  the  white 
women  of  the  class  reached  by  the  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Asso- 
ciation Rooms  Registry,  at  an  average  rental  of  $6.00,  or  room 
and  board  for  $11.00.  The  average  earnings  are  $22.18.  The 
colored  women  should  have  sufficient  number  of  rooms  at  an  aver- 
age rent  of  $3.00  a  week  or  room  and  board  for  $7.00,  as  their 
average  earnings  are  $15.00. 

Comparison  by  years 

In  noting  the  cost  of  rooms,  it  is  not  without  interest  to  com- 
pare the  rent  of  January,  February  and  March  of  1920  with  the 
same  months  in  1921  (Table  R.  R.  16,  a-b-c). 

In  the  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association  the  lowest  rent 
paid  was  $2.00  for  each  month  of  both  years,  but  the  highest 
jumped  from  $10.00  in  January,  1920  to  $20.00  in  February, 
1921,  and  dropped  to  $12.00  in  March.  The  average  shows  a 
steady  rise  in  1920 — January  being  $3.72,  February  $3.76  and 
March  $4.54,  and  in  1921  the  same  rise  is  noted.  This  time  it  is 
also  an  advance  on  the  rents  of  the  previous  year,  as  it  is  $4.10 
in  January,  $4.34  in  February,  and  $4.99  in  March.  Thus  1921 
shows  an  increase  of  $.06  a  week  for  January,  $.14  for  February 
and  $.73  for  March. 

The  Colored  Branch  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation tells  a  different  story.  Starting  in  January,  1920,  with 
a  higher  minimum  rent,  namely,  $5.00  a  week,  they  dropped  to 
$4.00  in  March,  1920.  In  1921  they  started  in  January  with 


#4  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

$5.00  and  dropped  in  March  to  $4.00.  Their  highest  rents  were 
paid  in  January  and  February  of  1921,  when  they  paid  $10.00, 
but  dropped  to  $7.00  in  March.  Their  average  rentals  ran,  in 
1920,  $6.08  in  January,  $5.43  in  February  and  $6.29  in  March. 
In  1921  they  were  $6.33  in  January,  $5.77  in  February  and  $5.60 
in  March.  In  these  fluctuations,  no  law  is  discernible,  but  a  slight; 
decrease  is  remarked  in  March,  1921. 

The  table  of  the  Central  Branch  of  the  Young  Women's  Chris- 
tian Association  shows  these  facts:  The  lowest  price,  $2.00, 
went  up  in  January  and  February,  1921  to  $3.00,  but  declined 
in  March  to  $2.00  once  more.  The  highest  rental  was  paid  in 
January,  1920,  after  which  there  was  a  steady  decline — the  year 
1921  being  lower  than  1920. 

The  average  rentals  for  1920  were  January  $7.64,  February 
$7.55  and  March  $7.46,  a  slight  decrease.  In  1921,  they  were 
in  January  $8.17,  February  $8.10  and  March  $8.24,  an  increase 
over  1920  of  $.53  for  January,  $.55  for  February,  and  $.78  for 
March. 

Comparison 

These  three  tables  show,  except  for  unexplained  fluctuations  in 
the  colored  district,  a  fairly  steady  rise  of  rents  from  January  to 
March  of  each  year,  and  an  increase  of  $.04  to  $.78  a  week  be- 
tween 1920  and  1921.  From  this  data,  we  can  certainly  get  no 
suggestion  of  a  decrease  in  the  prices  asked  for  single  rooms  from 
March,  1920  to  March,  1921. 

The  contribution  of  Rooms  Registries  to  the  housing  problem 

The  object  of  the  Rooms  Registries  is  to  bring  the  room  and 
roomer  together.  It  gives  the  roomer  some  choice  of  places  to 
live,  and  guides  her  to  the  most  fitting.  It  protects  her  from 
dangerous  or  undesirable  places,  and  similarly  protects  the  land- 
lady from  undesirable  roomers. 

By  making  it  possible  for  self-respecting  apartment  owners  or 
renters  to  get  a  decent  and  fairly  congenial  class  of  roomer,  and 
so  be  willing  to  accept  lodgers,  they  practically  create  more  ac- 
commodations. By  investigating  rooms  and  landladies  and  keep- 
ing in  touch  with  them  they  make  the  rooms  much  more  available 
to  the  stranger  and  keep  the  rooming  house  industry  fairly  steady. 


STUDY    OF    ROOMS    REGISTRIES.  35 

Incidentally,  they  are  able  to  give  a  great  deal  of  valuable  ad- 
vice to  young  women  who  do  not  know  the  city  and  who  need 
direction. 

Through  the  war  they  performed  a  great  service  in  helping  to 
secure  proper  accommodations  for  the  thousands  of  young  women 
who  came  to  New  York  to  replace  men  withdrawn  from  industry. 
During  this  period  their  methods  were  greatly  improved  and 
their  facilities  increased. 

For  the  past  year  and  a  half  the  falling  off  in  the  number  of 
applicants  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  industrial  depression  and 
the  return  to  their  own  homes  of  many  young  women  who  have 
lost  their  positions. 

Cost  of  Rooms  Registries 

An  important  question  which  necessarily  conditions  the  exten- 
sion of  these  useful  agencies  is  the  cost.  Those  discussed  are  non- 
commercial in  character.  Their  support  comes  from  a  benevolent 
public.  Their  value  depends  on  the  thoroughness  with  which 
their  investigation  of  rooms  is  made  and  the  care  in  assigning 
applicants. 

The  time  given  each  applicant  is  a  proportion  between  the 
number  of  applicants  and  the  number  on  the  staff. 

The  Rooms  Registry  Bureau  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association  is  by  far  the  largest  in  the  city.  Its  director  was  not 
able  to  give  cost  of  rent,  heat,  light  or  telephone  service  as  that 
was  not  segregated  for  each  separate  department  in  the  budget 
of  the  Metropolitan  Board.  She  did,  however,  furnish  the  follow- 
ing statement  for  the  cost  of  the  six  Rooms  Registries  for  the 
year  1920.  It  covers  all  expenses  exclusive  of  those  mentioned. 
We  quote : 

"The  following  figures  give  some  idea  of  the  relation  of  service- 
to  staff  employed  and  budget  expenses.  Two  computations  are 
given:  one  on  the  basis  of  the  number  of  applications,  the  other 
on  the  basis  of  known  placements.  Inasmuch  as  there  are  always 
a  great  many  persons  taking  rooms  assigned  who  do  not  report 
back  to  the  registry,  and  inasmuch  as  oftentimes  it  costs  more  in 
time,  effort  and  money  for  the  applicant  who  does  not  accept  what 
is  offered  her,  the  computation  on  the  basis  of  application  seems 
more  just. 


36  HOUSING  CONDITIONS  OF  EMPLOYED  WOMEN. 

COMPUTATION  ON  BASIS  OF  NUMBEE  APPLYING 

Applications 15,54*0 

Number  on  staff 10.5 

Number  of  applicants  per  person  employed.  1,480 

Total  expenditure $18,121.09 

Cost  per  applicant $1.16 

COMPUTATION  ON  BASIS  OF  KNOWN  PLACEMENTS 

Placements 7,285 

Number  on  staff 10.5 

Number  of  placements  per  person  employed.  693 

Total  expenditure $18,121.09 

Cost  per  placement $2.48" 

Known  placements  are  46.8  per  cent,  of  the  applications. 

The  only  income  from  the  Rooms  Registries  of  the  Young 
Women's  Christian  Association  is  the  two  dollar  per  year  fee 
charged  landladies  who  register  with  them. 

At  the  present  time  there  are  over  3000  different  investigated 
houses  on  their  lists. 

No  fee  is  charged  the  applicants. 

From  the  published  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Boarding  Houses 
for  1920  we  obtain  the  data  as  to  number  of  applicants  and  the 
cost.  In  their  financial  report  expenses  of  the  Rooms  Registry 
are  separated  from  those  of  the  other  activities  of  the  Association 
to  Promote  Proper  Housing  for  Girls.  These  include  rent,  heat 
and  telephone : 

COMPUTATION  ON  BASIS  OF  NUMBEE  APPLYING 

Applications *. 2,836 

Number  on  staff 4 

Number  of  applicants  per  person  employed.  709 
Total  expenditure  (exclusive  of  repayment 

of  loan  with  interest) $7,847.20 

Cost  per  applicant $2.76 


STUDY  OF  ROOMS  REGISTRIES.  37 

COMPUTATION  ON  BASIS  OP  KNOWN  PLACEMENTS 

Placements 1,292 

Number  on  staff 4 

Number  of  applicants  per  person  employed.  323 

Total  expenditure  (exclusive  of  repayment 

of  loan  with  interest) $7,847.20 

Cost  per  placement $6.15 

45.5  per  cent,  of  those  applying  were  placed. 

The  only  revenue  from  the  registry  is  the  twenty-five  cents 
charged  new  applicants  earning  over  $6.00  per  week  and  the  fee 
of  $1.00  paid  by  the  registered  landladies. 

Organized  and  subsidized  boarding  houses  for  girls  are  not 
sufficiently  numerous  to  meet  the  need  of  protected  housing  for 
unattached  girls  in  a  great  city  like  New  York.  Even  with  the 
high  cost  per  placement,  or  even  per  applicant,  of  the  Rooms 
Registries  it  is  a  fair  question  whether  it  would  not  be  more 
socially  profitable  for  the  philanthropist  anxious  to  help  solve  the 
problem  to  invest  in  the  latter  rather  than  the  former. 

Adequate  publicity  would  undoubtedly  bring  their  help  to  in- 
creasing numbers,  but  with  limited  financial  resources  the  care  of 
a  much  greater  number  of  applicants,  at  least  in  the  case  of  the 
larger  registries,  would  result  in  decreased  efficiency. 


IV 
WORKERS    IN    STORES,   OFFICES   AND    FACTORIES 

Occupations  other  them  business  and  professional 

The  questionnaires  were  obtained  from  four  main  sources, — 
stores,  offices,  factories  and  public  schools, — and  are  generally 
organized  under  the  heads  of  Mercantile,  Clerical,  Manual  and 
Business  and  Professional. 

As  the  questionnaire  given  to  the  teachers  and  other  profes- 
sional and  business  women  differed  slightly  from  that  offered  to 
the  other  groups,  we  will  consider  first  the  former  three  groups, 
leaving  the  business  and  professional  group  for  special  treatment. 

Occupations 

The  detailed  list  of  occupations  in  the  stores  is  shown  in  Table 
Oc.  1.  These  include  saleswomen,  clerical  workers,  manual 
workers,  and  domestic  and  personal  workers. 

The  detailed  list  of  occupations  represented  in  our  question- 
naires from  factories  is  given  in  Table  Oc.  3.  This  includes  the 
large  groups  to  be  found  in  the  stores,  excepting  saleswomen. 
The  workers  in  offices  include  only  clerical  workers  such  as 
stenographers,  typists,  operators  of  telephones,  dictophones, 
comptometers,  filing  and  other  clerks. 

Residence 

All  of  these  women  are  employed  in  Manhattan,  but  only  3807, 
or  about  one-half,  live  in  Manhattan  itself.  Of  the  remainder 
1341  live  in  Brooklyn,  117  in  Queens,  714  in  the  Bronx,  52  in 
Staten  Island,  348  in  Long  Island,  465  in  New  Jersey,  155  in 
Westchester  County,  and  327  elsewhere.  Of  these,  a  larger  pro- 
portion of  factory  workers  than  of  the  other  large  groups  live 
in  the  city  (Table  Org.  7). 

Ages 

The  ages  of  the  workers  have  been  arranged  by  groups  of  five 
years;  the  first  group  is  from  ten  to  fourteen,  but  the  youngest 
worker  on  the  cards  was  fourteen.  There  are  twelve  in  this 

[39] 


40  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

youthful  group.  The  oldest  is  in  the  74-79  group  and  stands 
alone.  There  are  two  in  the  70-74  group  and  eighteen  others  over 
sixty  years  of  age.  The  majority  are  from  15  to  40  years  old, 
and  78  per  cent,  are  under  30  years  of  age  (Table  T.  4a). 

Earnings 

The  question  as  to  earnings  is  one  of  the  most  important  in 
our  questionnaire,  for  the  quality  of  housing  that  a  woman  may 
have  depends  largely  on  her  earnings.  To  our  disappointment, 
963  out  of  the  7538  questionnaires  withheld  information  on  this 
point.  In  the  office  of  one  department  store  this  question  was 
blue  penciled  before  the  cards  were  distributed.  From  the  re- 
mainder, we  learn  that  the  weekly  earnings  of  these  women  range 
from  the  entirely  inadequate  sum  of  $4.00  a  week  to  the  very 
comfortable  salary  of  $75.00  a  week.  But  the  $75.00  was  much 
farther  than  the  $4.00  from  the  average,  which  is  only  $19.94. 
Considering  the  organizations  that  pay  the  wage,  we  find  that 
the  workers  in  offices  earn  a  little  more  than  those  in  stores  and 
factories,  the  average  earnings  being  $21.00  to  $19.15  in  the 
stores,  and  $18.62  in  the  factories.  The  highest  salary,  $76.00, 
is  also  paid  to  an  office  worker.  The  lowest  wage,  namely,  $4.00 
a  week,  is  paid  in  a  store  (Tables  Oc.  7  a-b-c). 

Earnings  by  age 

The  correlation  of  earnings  by  ages  is  interesting.  The  highest 
wage  paid  to  the  little  girls,  that  is,  those  under  15,  is  $13.00, 
then  it  runs  way  up  to  $75.00  for  the  next  age  group.  But  this 
is  unusual.  The  maximum  wage  of  women  from  20  years  old  to 
40,  rises  steadily  from  $43.00  to  $75.00.  After  the  age  of  40 
the  earnings  diminish,  getting  down  to  $18.00  as  the  highest 
earnings  of  the  old  women,  those  over  70  years  old.  Except  for 
two  members  of  the  age  group  of  15-19,  who  earn  $60.00  and 
$75.00  a  week,  the  curve  rises  steadily  from  $13.00  at  14  years 
old  to  $75.00  at  35-39,  and  then  down  to  $18.00  for  the  75-79 
age  group  (Table  T  4a). 

The  average  earnings  do  not,  however,  vary  so  regularly.  The 
youngest  workers  average  $15.75  a  week,  then  the  averages  for 
the  next  age  groups  are:  $19.85,  $21.32,  $21.07,  $19.95,  $20.76, 
at  the  age  of  44.  In  this  table  the  women  working  after  that 


WORKERS    IN    STORES,    OFFICES    AND    FACTORIES.  41 

age  are  so  few  that  they  have  been  grouped  together,  and  the 
average  wage  is  $18.21  a  week.  This  shows  the  highest  average 
weekly  earning  for  manual,  clerical  and  mercantile  workers  as 
coming  between  the  ages  of  25  and  35.  In  this  they  differ  from 
the  business  and  professional  women  whose  highest  average  earn- 
ings is  in  the  age  group  55-59.  In  other  words,  mental  work  is 
better  paid  as  one  grows  older,  while  manual  workers  tend  to  earn 
less  after  the  age  of  35  (Tables  T  2  a-b). 

Earnings  by  organizations 

In  stores  and  factories  are  found  workers  of  various  sorts, 
manual,  clerical,  domestic  and  mercantile.  For  some  pur- 
poses we  have  tabulated  these  workers  according  to  their  occupa- 
tion, for  instance,  as  saleswomen,  stenographers,  cashiers,  etc. 
For  other  purposes,  we  consider  them  as  members  of  an  organiza- 
tion,— a  store,  a  factory,  or  an  office.  Considering  organization 
groups  we  find  that  the  lowest  earnings  of  the  workers  in  offices  is 
$6.00  a  week,  and  the  highest  $75.00 ;  the  mode  is  $19.00,  and  the 
average  $21.00.  Workers  of  all  sorts  in  stores  begin  with  only 
$4.00  a  week  and  do  not  get  beyond  $65.00  a  week,  thus  having  a 
mode  of  $16.00  compared  with  the  clerical  $19.00,  and  an  average 
of  $19.15  to  the  clerical  $21.10.  The  workers  in  factories  earn 
from  $6.00  to  $61.00  a  week  and  their  mode  is  the  same  as  that 
of  the  clerical  workers,  but  their  average  is  a  few  points  lower 
than  that  of  those  in  stores.  The  averages  run  for  offices  $21.00. 
for  stores  $19.15,  and  for  factories  $18.62.  More  briefly, 
workers  in  offices  are  paid  a  little  better  than  those  in  stores,  and 
on  an  average  those  in  factories  are  paid  the  least  (Table  Org.  2). 

Earnings  by  occupations 

Now  let  us  turn  to  the  occupations  of  the  workers  as  these  occu- 
pations appear  in  the  four  organizations. 

Office  workers  are  employed  not  only  in  offices,  but  also  in 
stores  and  factories,  and  are  paid  a  mode  of  $19.00  a  week  in 
offices  and  factories  and  of  $17.00  in  stores.  Manual  workers  are 
to  be  found  in  both  stores  and  factories.  The  mode  of  their  salaries 
is  $23.00  in  stores  and  $15.00  in  factories.  There  are  in  fac- 
tories and  stores  a  certain  number  of  domestics  and  personal 
workers,  especially  where  lunches  are  served  to  employees.  These 


42  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

workers  make  from  $4.00  to  $25.00  a  week  in  stores  and  from 
$6.00  to  $25.00  in  factories  and  trade  schools  (Tables  Oc.  7  a-b-c). 

Rents  by  occupations 

The  rent  paid  weekly  by  women  differs  somewhat  in  the  dif- 
ferent occupational  groups.  Of  the  total  number  who  filled  in 
the  questionnaires,  2523  office  workers,  680  saleswomen,  364 
manual  workers  and  85  domestic  and  personal  workers  omitted  to 
answer  this  question.  One  hundred  and  fifty-five  living  presum- 
ably with  their  families  say  they  pay  nothing  for  their  lodging. 
The  others  range  from  $2.00  a  week  to  $38.00  (Table  Oc.  6). 
The  highest  rent,  $38.00,  is  paid  by  a  saleswoman,  and  the  lowest 
rent  among  the  group  of  maximum  rents,  $21.00,  is  paid  by  a 
domestic  and  personal  worker.  The  maximum  for  office  workers 
is  $33.00  and  for  manual  workers  $30.00.  Curiously  enough,  the 
mode  of  cost  of  rent  for  all  of  these  workers,  as  well  as  for  the 
business  and  professional  class  is  the  same,  $10.00,  but  the  aver- 
age for  the  office  workers  is  $9.05  (Table  Oc.  5a),  lowest  for  the 
domestic  and  personal  workers  $7.12  (Table  Oc.  5c),  the  manual 
workers  averaging  the  highest,  $9.48  (Table  Oc.  5b). 

Rents  by  salaries 

Are  the  rents  paid  by  these  women  reasonable?  We  can  not 
judge  what  value  the  renters  obtain  for  their  money,  but  we  have 
data  as  to  their  incomes  and  can  judge  whether  a  proper  relation 
exists  between  the  income  and  the  expenditure  for  housing. 

Only  one  girl  earning  the  smallest  wage  in  our  table  (Table 
T.  2a)  tells  what  she  pays  for  rent.  She  earns  between  $4.00  and 
$6.00  per  week  and  pays  between  $4.00  and  $5.00  per  week  for 
her  room.  Eight  other  women  earning  low  wages  actually  say 
they  are  paying  more  than  they  earn  for  rent.  These  are  the 
extreme  cases,  and  doubtless  are  to  be  explained  by  private  in- 
comes, help  from  parents  or  friends  sharing  the  rent,  but  we  find 
comparatively  few  in  the  entire  group  who  spend  for  their  rooms 
an  amount  equal  to  the  allotment,  23  per  cent.,  estimated  by  the 
Bureau  of  Municipal  Research  in  their  "Quantity  and  Cost  Budget 
for  Clerical  Workers  in  New  York  City"  (see  page  — ).  If  23 
per  cent,  is  accepted  as  a  fair  estimate  of  what  they  should  pay, 
we  find  that  these  women  are  not  being  housed  for  a  just  propor- 


WORKERS    IN    STORES,    OFFICES    AND    FACTORIES. 


tion  of  their  earnings.  Only  10  per  cent,  of  the  entire  group  pay 
less  than  a  quarter  of  their  earnings  for  rent,  52  per  cent,  pay 
from  a  quarter  to  a  half  and  38  per  cent,  pay  over  half.  The 
table  below,  a  summary  of  Table  T.  2a,  shows  the  proportions 
which  the  women  in  the  different  salary  groups  are  paying. 

PERCENTAGE  OP  WOMEN  IN  EACH  SALARY  GROUP  WHO  PAY  THE 
SPECIFIED  PROPORTIONS  OF  THEIR  EARNINGS  FOR  ROOM  RENT. 


PROPORTION  OP  EARNINGS  PAID  FOR  RENT 

SALARIES  OR 

T?*  A  i>xrrwna  oiro  \\Twtr' 

rjAKJN  INUS  ir£rfK    VY  ilirJK 

Less  than 
a  quarter 

From  a  quarter 
to  a  half 

Over  half 

Less  than  $12.  00 

0% 

39% 

61% 

$12.00—  $15.99 

5% 

42% 

53% 

16.00—  19.99 
20.00—  23.99 

6% 
12% 

48% 
57% 

46% 

31% 

24.00—  27.99 

14% 

62% 

24% 

28.00—  31.99 

13% 

65% 

22% 

32.00—  35.99 

22% 

58% 

20% 

36.  00  and  over 

38% 

54% 

8% 

TOTAL 

10% 

52% 

38% 

No  one  earning  less  than  $12.00  per  week  paid  rent  amounting  to 
less  than  a  quarter  of  her  earnings  (one-quarter  is  the  closest 
approximation  to  23  per  cent,  which  we  are  able  to  make  from  our 
table).  Of  the  women  earning  $36.00  or  more,  38  per  cent,  keep 
within  this  proportion.  Over  half  of  their  earnings  are  paid  for 
rent  by  61  per  cent,  of  the  women  in  the  lowest  salary  group,  and 
by  only  8  per  cent,  in  the  highest  group.  The  need  for  cheaper 
rooms  is  evidently  very  pressing,  but  especially  so  for  the  lower 
salaried  women. 

The  mode  for  rents  in  the  total  group  is  $10.00,  while  the  mode 
for  earnings  is  $19.00.  The  average  amount  paid  for  rent  is 
$8.99,  and  the  average  salary  or  wage,  $19.94.  The  average  rent 
paid  is  45  per  cent,  of  the  average  salary. 

Housing 

It  is  around  the  kind  of  housing  in  relation  to  rents  that  the 
interest  of  our  study  centers.  Yet  in  spite  of  the  importance  of 


44  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

the  question  as  to  type  of  present  housing,  one  hundred  and  six 
of  this  group  failed  to  answer. 

A  very  large  proportion  of  the  workers,  especially  the  younger 
ones,  live  with  their  families.  Of  those  so  living  there  are  82  per 
cent,  of  the  office  workers,  62  per  cent,  of  the  mercantile  workers, 
and  70  per  cent,  of  the  factory  workers  (Org.  Table  3). 

A  very  common  reason  for  the  refusal  of  many  managers  of 
large  concerns  to  co-operate  with  us  by  distributing  the  question- 
naire cards  was  that  the  housing  problem  did  not  concern  their 
employees  as  most  of  them  were  young  and  lived  at  home. 

In  a  large  department  store  its  social  worker  made  a  pre- 
liminary survey  and  selected  out  of  2683  employed  women  the  208 
who  stated  that  they  did  not  live  at  home  to  fill  out  the  cards. 
In  calculating  the  percentage  of  women  in  this  group  who  live 
at  home  these  figures  have  been  taken  into  account.  Even  allow- 
ing for  the  very  small  per  cent.  (7.7)  in  this  one  store  of  those 
who  live  outside  the  family  the  proportion  for  the  entire  group 
rises  to  20  per  cent.  plus. 

The  most  common  housing  is  in  the  apartment.  Eleven  per 
cent,  of  the  office  workers,  21  per  cent,  of  those  in  stores  and  20 
per  cent,  of  the  factory  workers  live  in  apartments,  and  when  we 
realize  that  a  very  large  proportion  of  those  who  live  with  their 
families  also  live  in  apartments,  the  number  becomes  very  high. 
Furnished  rooms  accommodate  8  per  cent,  of  all  the  workers, 
boarding  houses  only  3  per  cent,  and  Organized  Homes,  although 
they  are  crowded  to  the  limit,  accommodate  only  1  per  cent,  of 
those  studied  (Table  Org.  3). 

Housing  and  earnings 

Comparing  housing  accommodations  with  earnings  we  find  no 
relationship  between  the  amount  of  wages  and  the  fact  that  an 
employed  woman  of  any  age  prefers  to  live  with  her  parents  or 
other  relatives.  The  range  of  wages  for  women  who  so  live  varies 
from  $4.00  to  $60.00  per  week. 

Boarding  houses  are  most  popular  with  women  earning  from 
$15.25,  and  furnished  rooms  with  those  earning  from  $10-35. 
Organized  Homes  take  in  the  lower  waged  girls,  earning  between 
$12.00  and  $30.00  generally.  Housekeeping  appeals  to  those 
earning  all  grades  of  salaries  from  $5.00  to  $75.00  a  week,  but 


WORKERS    IN    STORES,    OFFICES    AND    FACTORIES.  45 

the  largest  number  of  those  living  this  way  earn  between  $15.00 
and  $35.00  a  week  (Table  T.  3b). 

Housing  and  rents 

Again  comparing  amounts  paid  for  rent  with  type  of  housing 
we  find  that  those  who  live  with  their  families  cannot  or  did  not ' 
analyze  their  own  budget  in  such  a  way  as  to  indicate  the  propor- 
tion of  their  wages  which  should  be  regarded  as  paid  for  rent. 
Thus  339  of  the  women  living  at  home  and  filling  out  the  ques- 
tionnaire say  that  they  pay  their  whole  income  for  their  rent. 
This  probably  means  that  they  turn  over  their  pay  envelopes  to 
their  parents  and  in  return  are  given  what  they  need  for  clothing 
and  incidental  expenses.  One  hundred  and  fifty-six  claim  to  pay 
nothing  for  their  living;  they,  one  assumes,  are  of  well-to-do 
parents  who  give  them  their  living.  Thirty-two  hundred  and 
fifteen  living  with  their  parents  do  not  tell  how  much  they  pay, 
probably  because  they  pay  an  irregular  sum.  Where  it  is  stated 
that  a  definite  amount  is  paid  for  rent  this  varies  from  $2.00  to 
$30.00  per  week.  In  the  latter  case  we  can  probably  assume  either 
that  the  worker  is  paying  the  entire  cost  of  a  family  apartment 
or  that  she  failed  to  grasp  the  meaning  of  the  question. 

Only  three  individuals  living  in  boarding  houses  paid  over 
$20.00  per  week  for  rooms.  The  range  was  from  $2.00  to  $29.00 
and  the  average,  $10.28,  was  slightly  higher  than  for  any  other 
type  of  living. 

Furnished  rooms  cost  from  $2.00  to  $38.00,  but  both  average 
rent  and  mode  are  less  than  in  boarding  house. 

The  returns  from  the  small  group  who  live  in  Organized  Homes 
are  not  of  any  importance  as  they  probably  include  both  room 
and  board  in  many  instances. 

The  range  of  rents  paid  in  housekeeping^  apartments  is  not 
greater  than  in  other  types  of  living,  nor  is  mode  or  average 
higher  (Table  T.  la). 

The  average  rent  paid  by  all  women  in  this  group  who  answered 
the  question  is  $9.00  per  week. 

Preferred  housing 

We  are  well  aware  that  people  cannot  always  live  as  they 
choose,  so  that  a  knowledge  of  the  actual  housing  of  a  group  will 


45  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

not  necessarily  tell  us  their  preferences.  Fortunately,  for  the 
choice  of  the  women  whom  we  have  just  studied,  we  are  not  de- 
pendent on  their  statements  as  to  how  they  live  at  present,  but 
can  supplement  this  with  data  as  to  the  kind  of  housing  they 
prefer. 

We  have  seen  that  the  largest  number  of  these  women  live  with 
their  families,  or  in  apartments,  probably  very  often  both  with 
their  families  and  in  apartments,  so  that  a  number  somewhere  be- 
tween 17  per  cent,  who  say  that  they  live  in  apartments,  to  87 
per  cent. — including  with  these  those  who  live  at  home — actually 
live  in  the  apartment  house.  To  compare  with  this  sliding  figure, 
we  find  68  per  cent,  of  the  workers  in  stores,  offices  and  factories 
preferring  housekeeping  apartments.  On  the  other  hand,  8  per 
cent,  prefer  boarding  houses,  but  only  3  per  cent,  live  in  them, 
and  23^  per  cent,  prefer  the  Organized  Homes  while  only  one  per 
cent,  can  get  into  them.  Furnished  rooms  are  apparently  more 
used  than  liked,  for  8  per  cent,  of  these  workers  live  in  them  and 
only  one  per  cent,  choose  that  lonely  way  of  living. 

If  we  compare  the  different  groups  as  to  their  preferences,  we 
find  the  curious  coincidence  that  the  percentage  of  the  office 
women  and  the  factory  women  is  exactly  the  same  for  each  kind 
of  housing;  namely,  65  per  cent,  who  prefer  the  housekeeping 
apartment,  8  per  cent,  the  boarding  house,  1  per  cent,  the  fur- 
nished room  and  26  per  cent,  the  Organized  Home.  The  mer- 
cantile women  give  a  little  higher  percentage  for  the  apartment — 
72  per  cent.,  and  a  little  less  for  the  Organized  Home,  19  per  cent., 
with  7  per  cent,  for  the  boarding  house  and  2  per  cent,  for  the 
furnished  room  (Table  Org.  4). 

Obviously  the  furnished  room  is  the  easiest  solution  for  the 
single,  unattached  woman,  but  it  is  very  unsocial,  and  most  young 
girls  and  many  older  women  would  not  take  it  if  they  could  help 
it.  They  greatly  prefer  either  the  independence  and  hominess  of 
an  apartment  with  friend  or  relative,  or  the  general  sociability  of 
the  club  or  Organized  Home.  These  workers  can  seldom  afford 
a  hotel. 

Further  light  on  the  housing  preferences  of  the  workers  is 
thrown  by  their  suggestions  as  to  housing,  to  be  found  in  Section 
VII. 


WORKERS    IN    STORES,    OFFICES    AND    FACTORIES.  47 

Dependents 

One  argument  that  has  often  been  advanced  for  keeping  the 
wages  of  women  lower  than  those  of  men  is  that  men  commonly 
support  families,  while  women  are  generally  alone,  with  only 
themselves  to  support.  The  falsity  of  this  assumption  is  plainly 
demonstrated  by  our  figures  as  to  dependents. 

Fifty  per  cent,  of  all  the  non-professional  women  whom  we 
asked,  say  that  they  have  dependents.  Over  3000  did  not  answer 
this  question,  but  the  assumption  is  that  they  have  none.  Some 
of  them  however,  may  have  failed  to  answer  for  other  reasons,  in 
which  case  50  per  cent,  is  not  a  high  enough  figure. 

The  dependents  supported  by  these  women  workers  are  parents, 
children,  grandparents,  aunts,  brothers  and  sisters,  nephews  and 
nieces  and  unrelated  individuals.  In  our  tables  we  have  classified 
them  as  "parents",  which  might  mean  father  or  mother  or  both 
or  some  other  relative  with  them;  "own  children",  in  which  class 
we  put  parents  when  the  children  are  in  addition  to  parents,  and 
"other  persons"  (Table  Org.  5). 

Of  the  workers  in  offices,  47  per  cent,  had  dependents,  of  whom 
1148  were  parents,  49  own  children,  and  214  other  persons,  the 
percentage  of  women  in  the  group  who  support  their  parents  being 
noticeably  high.  The  women  in  stores  support  fewer  parents  and 
more  own  children  and  relatively  more  other  persons.  Fifty-four 
per  cent,  of  the  factory  women  support  dependents,  two-thirds  of 
them  being  parents,  and  own  children  next  in  number.  These 
three  groups  of  women  have  more  dependents  than  the  business 
and  professional  group,  43  per  cent,  of  whom  take  care  of  others 
besides  themselves. 

When  we  consider  the  age  of  these  workers,  three-fourths  of 
them  being  under  30  years  of  age,  we  would  hardly  find  a  group 
of  equally  young  men  supporting  more  dependents.  And  we  do 
not  find  that  the  woman  worker,  with  dependents,  and  working  at 
a  lower  wage  than  a  man,  is  given  any  compensating  advantage 
when  it  comes  to  rents.  No  consideration  as  to  sex  of  the  occupant 
enters  into  price  fixing. 


V 

BUSINESS    AND    PROFESSIONAL    WOMEN 

Occupations 

We  are  now  ready  to  take  up  the  second  class  of  white  workers 
in  Manhattan  whom  we  have  studied, — namely,  the  business  and 
professional  women.  As  we  have  said,  we  approached  these  women 
through  the  principals  of  the  public  schools  and  through  clubs 
and  official  lists.  The  schools  gave  us  our  largest  number,  1042 
teachers  out  of  our  list  of  1456  women.  We  obtained  data  also 
from  physicians,  lawyers,  librarians,  writers,  nurses,  social 
workers,  and  a  small  number  of  business  women,  including  brokers, 
business  managers  and  sellers  of  insurasce  and  bonds.  Doubtless 
some  of  the  buyers  and  managers  in  stores  who  filled  in  our  ques- 
tionnaires might  properly  come  in  this  class,  but  it  seemed  ad- 
visable to  consider  all  who  were  employed  in  stores  as  a  separate 
group, 

Ages 

The  majority  of  this  group  studied  are  between  the  ages  of  20 
and  45  years,  but  twelve  are  under  20  and  12  are  over  60.  The 
average  age  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  manual,  mercantile  and 
clerical  group,  but  there  is  a  larger  proportion  over  45  years  of 
age.  One  hundred  and  nine  took  advantage  of  woman's  tradi- 
tional prerogative  and  refused  to  tell  their  ages, 

Salaries 

That  the  professional  woman  is  not  necessarily  better  paid  than 
her  sister  in  the  store  or  office  is  proved  by  the  lowest  salary  on 
the  business  and  professional  questionnaires.  It  is  $600.00  and 
is  paid  to  a  substitute  teacher.  But  the  largest  income  recorded 
on  any  of  our  questionnaires  is  $15,000,  and  is  earned  by  a  lawyer. 
There  are  eleven  incomes  on  this  list  that  are  higher  than  $5,000, 
and  all  are  earned  by  physicians  and  lawyers.  The  lowest  salaries 
in  this  group  are  paid  to  the  public  librarians,  except  the  one 
$600.00  of  which  we  have  spoken.  A  number  of  public  school 
principals,  having  reached  their  highest  limit  receive  $4750.00. 

[49] 


50  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

The  mode  of  the  salaries  of  this  group  is  $1500.00  to  $1800.00, 
and  the  average  is  $2350.69. 

A  comparison  of  the  earnings  of  this  class  of  women  with  the 
other  classes  handled  in  this  investigation  shows  that  they  are  two 
to  three  times  as  large.  The  average  income  of  the  business  and 
professional  women  is  $2350.69  a  year,  or  $45.20  a  week.  The 
average  earnings  of  the  office  worker  is  $20.02,  of  the  manual 
worker,  $22.00,  and  of  the  domestic  and  personal  worker, 
$15.00,  or  one- third  of  the  average  earnings  of  the  professional 
group.  The  average  earnings  of  mercantile  workers  is  $19.15  a 
week. 

The  relation  of  ages  to  earnisgs 

It  is  always  interesting  to  note  the  factor  of  age  in  a  problem 
of  living  and  earning.  Does  an  increase  in  years  and  experience 
become  an  asset  or  is  it  a  handicap?  Consulting  our  tables  on 
this  point,  we  get  some  valuable  data  as  to  this  particular  class. 

The  youngest  group  of  girls,  those  from  15  to  19  years  old, 
receive  from  $600.00  to  $1500.00.  The  oldest  person  in  the  list 
is  over  60  years  old  and  receives  $3000.00  a  year.  Those  between 
20  and  30  years  of  age  receive  between  $600.00  and  $4200.00 
annually.  Between  30  and  40  years  of  age,  they  get  from  $900.00 
and  $4750.00,  with  one  earning  $6000.00.  The  highest  income 
($15,000.00)  belongs  to  a  woman  between  50  asd  54,  and  the 
second  highest,  $8000.00,  to  a  woman  between  40  and  44.  Seven 
thousand  dollars  is  earned  by  a  woman  between  50  and  54,  and 
the  four  women  who  earn  $6000.00  are,  one  between  30  and  34, 
two  between  45  and  49,  and  one  between  55  and  59.  The  lowest 
salaries  are  paid  to  the  girl  of  15,  and  a  woman  between  55  and 
59.  The  mode  of  earnings  increases  in  age  groups  as  follows : 

For  the  age  group,  15  to  19,  the  mode  is  $900.00  to  $1199.00 
a  year;  from  20  to  24  it  is  $1200.00  to  $1499.00;  from  30  to  49 
it  stands  at  $2700.00  to  $2999.00 ;  from  50  to  54,  it  is  $3000.00 
to  $3299.00;  between  55  and  59  it  climbs  to  $4750.00. 

The  highest  salaries  for  each  age  group  increase  with  the  age 
15  to  54,  then  decrease  to  69. 

It  would  seem  that  our  question  has  been  answered  and  the  point 
proved  that  for  business  and  professional  women  age  and  experi- 
ence are  an  advantage — up  to  the  age  of  54.  But  a  factor  enters 


BUSINESS    AND    PROFESSIONAL    WOMEN.  51 

here  that  makes  any  such  conclusion  for  all  women  of  this  class 
less  sure;  namely,  the  large  proportion  of  teachers  who  answered 
the  questionnaires;  for  the  salaries  of  the  teachers  in  the  public 
schools  rise  automatically  with  length  of  service  until  they  reach 
the  maximum  height,  after  which  they  do  not  decrease  with  in- 
creasing age. 

Rents 

More  of  this  group  of  women  hesitated  to  tell  the  rent  they 
pay  than  declined  to  tell  their  ages.  Three  hundred  and  thirty- 
seven  women  did  not  give  the  cost  of  housing.  Forty-six  of  these 
women  have  the  good  fortune  to  live  at  home  and  pay  nothing 
for  their  living.  Five  of  these  women  pay  only  taxes,  from  which 
we  infer  that  they  own  their  homes.  The  lowest  rent  given  is 
$2.00  a  week,  a  sum  so  small  that  we  imagine  it  is  paid  to  a  rela- 
tive. The  highest  is  $63.00,  which  should  buy  very  attractive 
accommodations.  The  mode  is  $10.00,  which  is  not  high  as  the 
prices  of  rooms  run  at  present.  Although  the  highest  rent  paid 
by  these  women  exceeds  that  paid  in  any  other  occupational  group 
that  we  have  studied,  the  mode  is  the  same  for  all  groups  (Table 
Org.  1). 

Rent  by  earnings 

The  relation  between  rent  and  earnings  for  this  class  seems 
somewhat  erratic;  some  of  those  who  earn  most,  pay  least,  and 
some  who  earn  least  pay  much.  So  many  factors  besides  power 
to  earn  govern  the  amount  paid  for  rental,  among  them  being 
standards  of  comfort,  help  offered  by  families,  number  of  de- 
pendents, and  the  thrift  or  extravagance  of  the  individual.  Never- 
theless, we  are  interested  to  note  the  relation  between  the  rent  and 
the  earnings  of  this  group  of  business  and  professional  women. 

Forty-six  business  and  professional  women  pay  no  rent.  Their 
earnings  range  from  $600.00  to  $15,000.00  a  year,  but  only  three 
earn  over  $3000.00.  Some  probably  live  with  their  parents  at  no 
personal  cost,  but  it  seems  likely  that  those  earning  $3000.00  and 
over  own  their  houses  and  so  pay  no  rent. 

Of  the  women  earning  from  $900.00  to  $1500.00  a  year,  the 
mode  of  rent  is  $8.00  to  $10.00  a  week;  for  the  groups  earning 


52  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

from  $1500.00  to  $3000.00  the  mode  of  rent  stands  at  $10.00  to 
$15.00  a  week.  The  table  is  as  follows: 

$900.00-$1500.00 $  5-$10  a  week 

$1500.00-$3000.00 $10-$15  "    " 

$3300.00-$3600.00 $15-$20  «    « 

$4500.00-$4800.00 $30-and  higher 

Thirty-eight  women,  whose  earnings  range  from  $1500.00  to 
$10,000.00,  pay  over  $30.00  rent,  and  of  them  15  pay  over  $40.00, 
and  one  pays  $63.00  a  week. 

The  general  mode  of  rents  is  $10-15  a  week.  As  the  average 
rent  of  this  class  is  $13.71  a  week,  and  the  average  earnings  are 
$2352.23  a  year,  or  $45.22  a  week,  we  do  not  find  the  dispropor- 
tion that  exists  in  the  case  of  the  other  workers. 


Housing 

In  planning  the  questionnaire,  it  was  found  very  difficult  to 
frame  the  questions  as  to  present  housing  with  sufficient  explicit- 
ness  and  yet  not  too  much  detail.  The  questions  necessarily  over- 
lap sometimes,  and  to  others  the  answers  are  ambiguous.  For 
instance,  women  who  say  that  they  live  with  their  families  may 
mean  their  parents,  their  husband  and  children  or  their  brothers 
and  sisters.  They  may  support  their  families  or  be  supported  in 
part  by  them.  They  may  live  in  an  apartment  with  the  family  or 
in  a  house.  Similarly,  when  one  answers  that  she  lives  in  an  apart- 
ment and  pays  a  high  rent,  we  do  not  know  whether  she  pays  it 
all  herself,  or  divides  it  with  some  one,  except  on  the  cards  where 
it  is,  very  rarely,  stated  something  like  this,  "Rent,  $30.00  a 
week,  of  which  I  pay  one-third."  When  the  board  and  room  are 
given  together  it  introduces  another  factor  into  the  rent  situation. 
When  a  hotel  or  a  furnished  room  or  an  Organized  Home  is  given 
as  the  present  housing,  the  case  is  simpler,  seldom  complicated 
except  by  a  possible  roommate. 

Of  1456  business  and  professional  women,  1415  answered  this 
question,  as  to  present  housing.  Seven  hundred  and  seven  live 
with  their  families,  374  in  housekeeping  apartments,  93  in  board- 
ing houses  or  hotels,  132  in  furnished  rooms  and  38  in  Organized 
Homes.  Stating  it  another  way,  about  one-half  live  with  their 


BUSINESS    AND    PROFESSIONAL    WOMEN.  53 

families,  and  one-fourth  in  housekeeping  apartments  (Table 
Org.  3). 

In  connection  with  living  in  the  family  and  aiding  in  its  sup- 
port comes  the  question  of  the  social  status  of  the  woman.  Is 
she  married  or  single,  the  head  of  a  family  or  free  to  look  after 
herself  alone?  We  have  no  data  as  to  marriage,  but  we  have  some 
on  dependents  (Table  B.-P.  4). 

Of  the  1456  business  and  professional  women,  830  mentioned 
no  dependents,  so  presumably  had  none,  366  support  parents,  with 
or  without  other  relatives,  39  support  their  own  children  and  43 
have  other  dependents,  a  total  of  43  per  cent,  of  this  class  who 
have  dependents  to  share  their  earnings  (Table  Org.  5).  This 
is,  however,  less  than  in  the  other  classes,  for  of  the  office  workers 
47  per  cent,  have  dependents,  in  the  stores  50  per  cent,  and  in  the 
factories  54  per  cent,  have  dependents. 

The  details  of  the  dependents  of  the  teachers  are  very  interest- 
ing. 

Of  1024  teachers,  488  acknowledge  dependents,  466  say  they 
have  none  and  90  do  not  answer.  Roughly  speaking,  then,  about 
half  of  these  teachers  have  dependents.  Three  hundred  and  thirty 
have  only  one  dependent  each,  but  105  have  two  and  53  have  more, 
while  24  support  entire  families,  in  one  case  five  people  being  men- 
tioned,:— a  husband,  a  child,  an  uncle,  an  aunt  and  a  niece.  Most 
of  these  women  are  unmarried  apparently,  as  nothing  is  said  of 
husband  or  child,  and  for  a  young,  single  woman  earning  a  modest 
salary  to  be  the  support  of  herself  and  one  or  more  relatives  is 
very  common  (Table  B.-P.  4). 

Housing  and  age 

It  is  interesting  to  see  how  the  housing  conditions  of  these 
women  vary  with  their  age.  The  youngest  group,  that  from  15 
to  18,  all  live  at  home,  as  might  be  expected,  and  most  of  those  in 
the  next  group, — from  20  to  24.  Living  at  home  becomes  rapidly 
less  usual  from  the  age  of  24  to  65,  after  which  only  one  lives  at 
home,  and  presumably,  it  is  not  her  parents  with  whom  she  lives. 
Hotel  life  falls  within  the  ages  of  30  to  59,  and  Organized  Homes 
are  patronized  between  the  ages  of  20  to  59.  As  the  age  limit  of 
these  homes  is  usually  35,  it  is  rather  interesting  to  find  women 
of  over  50  in  them.  They  are  the  exceptions.  The  mode  of  those 


54  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

living  in  boarding  houses  is  the  age  group,  30  to  34.  Of  those 
who  say  that  they  "maintain  a  home,"  which  generally  includes  a 
more  or  less  dependent  family,  one  is  under  20  years  old,  and 
probably  did  not  interpret  the  question  as  we  have  just  done.  The 
mode  of  this  kind  of  living  is  the  group,  35  to  39,  and  the  large 
numbers  of  women  living  thus  are  between  25  and  59  years  of  age 
(Table  T.  5b). 

Housing  and  salaries 

The  variation  of  housing  condition  with  salaries  may  next  oc- 
cupy us. 

The  ten  having  the  lowest  salaries,  namely,  from  $600.00  to 
$899.00,  say  that  they  maintain  a  home  or  that  they  live  with 
their  families,  probably  meaning  the  same  in  both  cases.  The 
two  having  the  largest  incomes,  $15,000.00  and  $10,000.00  live 
with  their  families  and  probably  maintain  homes.  The  mode  of 
salaries  for  those  living  in  boarding  houses  is  $2700.00  a  year; 
the  mode  of  salaries  for  furnished  rooms  is  $1200.00  a  year,  for 
Organized  Homes  $1200.00  to  $1500.00  a  year,  and  for  the  hotels 
it  is  $2400.00  to  $2700.00  annually.  These  facts  simply  lead  us 
to  the  other  facts  that  rooming  houses  and  Organized  Homes  are 
cheaper  than  boarding  houses  and  that  hotels  are  more  expensive 
than  either  (Table  T.  3b). 

Housing  and  rents 

Of  374  who  maintain  a  home,  6  pay  only  taxes,  as  they  own 
the  house.  The  mode  of  price  for  those  who  maintain  a  home  is 
$10.00  a  week,  the  range  being  from  $2.00  to  $63.00  a  week.  The 
room  or  suite  in  the  19  hotels  given,  cost  from  $9.00  to  $38.00  a 
week,  only  one  being  above  $38.00.  The  boarding  houses  range 
from  $6.00  to  $38.00,  the  mode  being  $18.00  a  week.  The  fur- 
nished rooms  run  from  $3.00  to  $20.00,  the  mode  being  $8.00. 
Board  and  lodging  in  the  same  place  ranges  in  price  from  $7.00 
to  $25.00.  The  Organized  Homes  inhabited  by  these  women  de- 
mand but  $4.00  to  $10.00  a  week  for  room  (T.  Ib). 

The  largest  rents  are  paid  by  those  maintaining  a  home,  the 
maximum  $63.00  a  week  probably  including  rent  for  a  family. 
Living  with  the  family  costs  from  $1.00  to  $50.00  for  rent,  and 
from  $6.00  to  $46.00  for  room  and  board.  In  the  case  of  the 


BUSINESS    AND    PBOFESSIONAL    WOMEN.  55 

smaller  sums,  as  also  where  the  girl  pays  nothing  at  home,  of 
course  the  cost  of  living  is  not  indicated.  Here  again  we  find  the 
cheapest  accommodations  are  the  furnished  room  and  the  Or- 
ganized Home. 

Preferred  housing 

We  have  seen  what  kind  of  housing  this  class  has ;  do  they  have 
what  they  like  best?  Or  if  not,  what  are  their  preferences?  Three 
hundred  and  forty-seven  express  no  preference  at  all.  Of  the 
1109  who  answered,  49,  or  4  per  cent,  want  a  house  of  their  own; 
437,  or  39  per  cent,  prefer  an  apartment ;  13  like  apartments  but 
prefer  not  to  do  any  housekeeping;  63,  or  3  per  cent,  prefer  to 
live  in  an  hotel  or  apartment  hotel ;  20,  or  2  per  cent,  like  board- 
ing houses ;  67,  or  1  per  cent,  furnished  rooms ;  36,  or  3  per  cent, 
like  life  in  an  Organized  Home,  and  11,  or  1  per  cent,  prefer  a 
club;  473,  or  47  per  cent,  prefer  to  live  at  home  or  with  their 
families,  but  whether  in  a  house,  an  hotel,  or  an  apartment,  do  not 
say. 

We  have  some  data  on  the  housing  preferences  of  professional 
women  for  different  ages.  All  of  the  age  groups  put  as  their 
first  choice,  living  with  their  families.  As  this  is,  however,  not 
primarily  a  housing,  but  a  social  question,  we  are  more  interested 
in  their  second  choice.  In  the  age  group,  18  to  25,  the  second 
choice  is  the  apartment,  in  the  age  group  21  to  25  it  is  the  apart- 
ment or  the  hotel,  and  for  all  the  ages  thereafter  it  is  the  apart- 
ment. Organized  Homes  are  preferred  by  a  fair  number  between 
the  ages  of  26  and  30,  after  that  the  hotel  becomes  more  popular, 
but  the  apartment  is  an  easy  first  (Table  T.  6b). 

If  one  were  to  build  for  this  professional  group,  obviously  the 
most  popular  building  would  be  an  apartment  house  or  apartment 
hotel  (Table  Org.  4). 

The  discussion  on  "suggestions  for  housing"  shows  what  several 
of  the  members  of  this  group  feel  would  be  the  satisfactory  solu- 
tion for  them. 


VI 

THE  EMPLOYED   COLORED  WOMAN 

General  situation 

For  the  past  two  or  three  years  the  reports  of  the  housing 
shortage  in  that  portion  of  Harlem  occupied  chiefly  by  colored 
people  have  indicated  that  the  situation  there  is  probably  more 
accute  than  in  other  sections  of  Manhattan. 

This  for  several  reasons:  first,  Negro  families  have  a  much 
narrower  limit  of  choice  than  white  people.  They  cannot  spread 
out  into  any  part  of  the  city  they  may  fancy,  but  are  held  by 
custom,  though  not  by  law,  pretty  closely  to  well  defined  areas. 
Secondly,  for  the  most  part  they  have  been  in  the  habit  of  occupy- 
ing the  houses  left  vacant  by  the  whites  as  they  moved  out  of  the 
neighborhood.  During  the  past  few  years  owing  to  lack  of  build- 
ing it  has  been  impossible  for  the  whites  to  get  houses  elsewhere, 
and  the  colored  have  been  hemmed  in  with  no  possibility  of 
expansion. 

The  housing  situation  has  been  further  aggravated  by  the  un- 
usual and  disproportionate  increase  in  population  during  the  past 
several  years.  While  the  white  population  of  Manhattan  has 
slightly  decreased  and  that  of  Greater  New  York  increased  but 
15  per  cent,  in  the  decade  between  1910  and  1920,  the  colored 
population  increased  66  per  cent.  The  natural  increase  of  popu- 
lation has  been  supplemented  by  the  arrival  of  many  Negroes  from 
the  south,  for  which  the  increased  economic  opportunities  during 
the  war  was  partly  responsible.  There  has  also  been  an  increased 
immigration  from  the  West  Indies. 

The  lack  of  proper  housing  for  families  is  naturally  accom- 
panied by  increased  difficulty  on  the  part  of  the  employed  woman 
in  getting  decent  accommodations.  The  situation  has  been  and 
is  particularly  serious  for  the  young  woman  who  comes  a  stranger 
to  the  city. 

Provisions  for  the  care  of  the  transient  class  of  colored  people 
is  very  slight.  This  is  unfortunately  particularly  true  of  the 
single,  unattached  colored  girl.  The  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association's  boarding  house,  which  accommodates  eighty-two 

[57] 


58  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

women,  and  four  small  boarding  houses  are  all  that  is  offered  out- 
side of  private  lodgings.  Every  apartment  is  so  crowded  with 
roomers  as  to  form  a  menace  to  the  health  and  morals  of  the 
community. 

Data  taken  from  the  questionnaires 

Let  us  now  consider  the  data  drawn  from  the  questionnaires, 
which  were  the  same  that  we  used  with  the  non-professional  white 
women.  The  cards  were  filled  out  by  678  women. 

Occupations  . 

A  glance  at  their  occupations  shows  that  the  two  great  groups 
are  the  domestic  and  personal  service  workers,  numbering  386, 
and  the  manual  workers,  numbering  173.  The  rest  consist  of  40 
business  and  professional  workers,  52  office  workers  and  27  miscel- 
laneous— there  being  no  saleswomen  in  this  list.  A  detailed  list 
of  these  occupations  is  shown  in  Table  Col.  1. 

Age  and  occupations 

The  ages  of  these  women  range  from  15  to  70,  but  only  four 
work  after  the  age  of  55.  The  mode  of  ages  is  20  and  the  ma- 
jority are  under  30.  This  is  younger  than  the  white  workers 
who  form  the  largest  groups  between  15  and  40  years  of  age. 

Let  us  see  how  the  ages  of  these  women  accord  with  their 
occupations.  The  business  and  professional  women  are  between 
the  ages  of  20  and  40,  with  only  two  beyond  these  extremes.  The 
youth  of  these  women  is  natural,  when  we  consider  that  none  of 
the  more  highly  educated  or  paid  professions  are  represented 
among  the  colored  women  whom  we  studied.  However,  this  set  of 
occupations  begins  with  a  little  older  group  of  women  than  any 
other,  all  of  which  begin  in  the  15  to  19  age  group.  The  office 
workers  range  from  15  to  30,  except  for  a  few  scattered  women. 
The  manual  workers  range  from  15  to  40,  and  the  miscellaneous 
workers  from  15  to  55,  with  three  over  that  age.  We  see,  there- 
fore, that  the  domestic  and  personal  group  is  older  as  well  as 
larger  than  the  other  occupational  groups  (Table  Col.  6). 

Residences 

Practically  all  of  these  colored  women  live  in  Harlem,  only  33 
giving  their  residence  as  outside  of  Manhattan  (Table  Col.  15). 


THE    EMPLOYED    COLORED    WOMAN.  59 

Earnings 

A  good  many  of  the  colored  women  did  not  tell  their  earnings, 
in  fact,  nearly  one-sixth  of  those  who  filled  in  the  questionnaires. 
From  the  572  who  answered  we  get  the  following  facts:  The 
weekly  earnings  of  these  women  range  from  $6.00  to  $46.00  a 
week.  Six  dollars  is  higher  than  the  lowest  white  worker  earns, 
which  is  $4.00,  but  $46.00  is  lower  than  the  highest  earnings  of 
the  non-professional  white  worker,  in  other  words  the  minimum 
earnings  of  the  colored  workers  whom  we  have  studied  is  higher 
and  the  maximum  earnings  lower  than  those  of  the  white  workers 
in  the  tables.  The  average  wage,  $17.20  a  week,  is  lower  than  the 
average  of  the  white  worker,  which  is  $19.15  (Table  Col.  4). 

Earnings  by  age 

The  girls  of  the  15  to  19  age  group  earn  from  $8.00  to  $25.00 
a  week.  From  20  to  24,  they  earn  from  $6.00  to  $37.00  a  week ; 
and  from  25  to  29,  they  earn  from  $6.00  to  $43.00.  The  largest 
salary  earned  by  a  woman  between  40  and  45  years  6f  age  is 
$46.00,  which  makes  this  the  highest  paid  group.  The  next  age 
group  declines  to  $35.00  for  its  highest  paid  woman;  the  50  to 
54  group  declines  further  to  $25.00,  and  the  one  person  over  60 
earns  the  pitiful  sum  of  $15.00  a  week.  This  shows  the  peak  of 
earnings  to  be  between  40  and  45,  but  the  mode  of  highest  earn- 
ings is  much  below  this  age,  being  between  20  and  30  years. 
After  the  age  of  30,  the  earnings  decline,  except  in  a  few  cases, 
to  $15.00,  the  wage  of  the  woman  of  60  (Table  Col.  8).  One 
wonders  how  the  older  colored  women  who  are  trying  to  support 
themselves  on  these  meagre  earnings  succeed  at  all.  For  the  young 
woman,  the  case  is  easier. 

Earnings  by  occupations 

Taking  up  the  earnings  by  occupational  groups,  we  find  that 
the  average  earnings  of  the  business  and  professional  women  is 
$26.00,  or  considerably  higher  than  any  of  the  others.  The  office 
workers  and  manual  workers  come  next  with  an  average  each  of 
a  little  over  $18.00.  Then  the  domestic  workers  follow  with  only 
$15.85  for  an  average,  while  the  miscellaneous  workers  bring  up 
the  rear  with  the  average  of  $12.52. 


60  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OP    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

Rents  by  occupations 

The  rent  paid  weekly  by  the  colored  women  we  studied  ranges 
from  nothing,  paid  by  nine,  and  $2.00,  paid  by  38,  to  $18.00  paid 
by  one.  The  mode  of  rent  paid  is  $5.00,  just  half  of  the  mode  of 
rent  paid  by  the  white  non-professional  workers.  There  is  some 
variation  in  rents  according  to  occupations.  The  mode  of  rents 
for  the  business  and  professional  women  and  for  the  office  workers 
is  $4.00,  while  the  manual  and  domestic  workers  pay  a  mode  of 
$5.00  and  the  miscellaneous  workers  only  $3.00  (Table  Col.  3). 

Rents  by  salaries 

We  now  come  to  the  relation  of  earnings  to  the  amount  paid 
for  rents  by  the  colored  workers  (Tables  Col.  5  a-b).  The  twelve 
women  who  receive  the  lowest  wage,  $6.00  a  week,  pay  from 
$3.00  to  $8.00  rent.  The  highest  weekly  rent  is  $17.00,  paid 
by  a  worker  earning  only  $22.00;  the  next  highest  is  $16.00 
paid  by  a  woman  who  earns  the  comfortable  wage  of  $36.00  a 
week.  The  woman  who  earns  $33.00  a  week,  gets  her  room  for 
the  modest  sum  of  $4.00,  which  leaves  a  good  margin  for  board 
and  other  expenses ;  one  who  earns  only  $16.00  a  week  pays  the 
relatively  high  rent  of  $11.00. 

Four  of  these  women  pay  all  or  more  than  their  earnings  for 
their  rent,  and  62  pay  over  half  of  their  earnings.  The  mode  of 
earnings  is  $14.00,  and  the  mode  of  rents  is  $5.00 — which  means 
that  the  largest  number  of  colored  women  studied  pay  over  one- 
third  of  their  earnings  for  rent.  This  is  too  high,  especially 
when  the  earnings  are  so  low  that  the  two-thirds  margin  is  scarcely 
adequate  for  all  other  expenses.  Evidently,  lower  rents  are  very 
desirable  for  this  class. 

Dependents 

How  far  a  woman's  earnings  go  is  decidedly  affected  by  whether 
she  has  dependents.  The  number  of  colored  women  who  say  that 
they  have  dependents  is  340,  or  half  of  the  number  in  the  group. 
Seventy-four  do  not  answer  this  question,  but  probably  have  no 
dependents.  This  is  the  same  percentage  of  women  supporting 
others  as  we  found  for  the  white  workers.  The  relatives  who  are 
dependent  are  about  the  same,  too, — the  largest  number  being 


THE    EMPLOYED    COLOEED    WOMAN.  61 

mothers,  then  own  children,  and  a  few  supporting  husband  or 
whole  families. 

With  the  wages  paid  these  colored  folk,  and  the  relatively  high 
rentals,  one  wonders  how  they  can  support  in  decency  any  de- 
pendents (Table  Col.  14). 

Housing 

Of  the  678  colored  workers,  63  do  not  tell  how  they  live.  As 
among  white  women,  we  find  living  with  the  family  the  most  com- 
mon housing  arrangement;  279  live  that  way.  The  next  numer- 
ous way  of  living  is  not  as  with  the  whites,  in  housekeeping  apart- 
ments, but  in  furnished  rooms,  215  of  these  women  living  this 
way.  We  have  been  told  that  every  apartment  in  upper  Harlem 
contains  as  many  roomers  as  it  can  hold  and  more  than  are  desir- 
able for  health  and  morals.  This  suggests  a  reason  for  the  low 
mode.  Fifty-three  of  the  women  studied  live  in  an  Organized 
Home,  most  of  these  in  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Associa- 
tion's rooming  house.  As  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation was  kind  enough  to  undertake  to  circulate  some  of  our 
questionnaires  we  doubtless  obtained  a  much  larger  proportion 
of  women  living  thus  than  a  more  general  survey  would  have  given. 
Sixty-one  say  they  live  in  housekeeping  apartments,  and  nine  in 
boarding  houses  (Table  Col.  9). 

Comparing  the  ages  of  the  women  of  this  group  with  their 
housing,  we  find  that  for  every  age  group  practically  the  same 
order  is  followed:  the  largest  proportion  live  with  their  families, 
the  next  largest  number  in  furnished  rooms,  next  in  apartment 
houses,  and  fourth  in  boarding  houses.  Age  seems  to  bear  no 
relation  to  manner  of  living  (Tables  Col.  12  a-b). 

If  age  bears  no  relationship  does  the  occupation  of  the  worker 
make  any  difference  in  type  of  accommodation?  (Table  Col.  9). 
Consulting  our  tables,  we  find  exactly  the  same  facts  true  of  each 
occupation  as  were  true  of  each  age  group.  The  fair  conclusion 
would  seem  to  be  that  Harlem  provides  mainly  the  furnished  room 
and  apartment  house  and  that  the  employed  women,  whether  liv- 
ing with  their  families  or  not,  must  live  in  one  or  the  other,  and 
that  only  a  few  can  be  occommodated  by  the  Organized  Homes 
and  boarding  houses. 


62  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

Homing  and  rents 

As  no  factor  is  able  to  affect  the  rigid  housing  accommodations, 
let  us  reverse  the  question  and  see  how  the  kind  of  housing  affects 
the  rents  paid.  Women  living  with  their  families  pay  from  $£.00 
to  $16.00  for  their  lodgings.  As,  under  the  circumstances,  the 
woman  is  equally  liable  to  underpay  her  prosperous  parents  or 
pay  more  than  a  fair  rent  to  help  her  dependent  family,  this  range 
of  prices  means  little  to  us.  We  are  interested  to  know,  however, 
that  boarding  houses  cost  these  women  from  $4.00  to  $18.00  a 
week,  and  furnished  rooms  from  $2.00  to  $16.00 — although  most 
rents  are  under  $11.00.  Organized  Homes  receive  from  $2.00  to 
$13.00  a  week,  the  regulation  price  apparently  being  $3.00.  So 
far  as  our  figures  go  rentals  are  decidedly  lower  in  this  district 
than  in  general  Manhattan  (Tables  Col.  10  a-b). 

Homing  by  earnings 

As  the  mode  of  rent  of  the  furnished  room  is  $5.00,  and  that 
of  the  apartment  house  $6.00,  and  of  the  Organized  Home, 
$3.00,  while  living  with  one's  parents  follows  no  rule,  we  might 
expect  that  the  women  earning  the  least  would  live  in  the  Organ- 
ized Homes,  and  that  those  earning  most  would  live  in  the  apart- 
ment house.  Turning  to  our  tables  (Table  Col.  lla),  we  find 
that  the  woman  having  the  largest  income,  namely,  $46.00  a 
week,  does  live  in  a  housekeeping  apartment;  of  the  three  next 
best  paid  women  two  live  in  furnished  rooms  and  one  in  an  Or- 
ganized Home.  However,  it  is  never  from  the  extremes  of  high 
or  low  that  we  can  best  judge,  it  is  from  modes  and  averages. 
The  mode  of  earnings  of  those  living  in  apartments  is  $14.00;  of 
those  living  in  furnished  rooms  from  $14.00  to  $20.00;  and  for 
the  ones  living  in  Organized  Homes,  it  is  $12.00.  This  shows  us 
that,  as  we  had  expected,  those  earning  least  live  in  Organized 
Homes,  but  it  is  not  true  that  those  earning  most  live  in  the 
apartment — they  live  in  the  furnished  room  (Tables  Col.  11  a-b). 

Preferred  housing 

Having  learned  that  most  of  this  class  of  women  live  in  apart- 
ments or  furnished  rooms,  we  ask  how  they  would  prefer  to  live. 
One  hundred  and  sixty-nine  have  no  choice,  or  at  least  do  not 


THE    EMPLOYED    COLORED    WOMAN.  Do 

express  it.  In  stating  the  preference,  no  mention  is  made  of  the 
social  circumstances,  that  is,  whether  they  wish  to  live  with  their 
families,  but  only  the  type  of  house  preferred.  The  first  choice 
is  the  housekeeping  apartment,  which  is  preferred  by  371,  the 
second  choice  is  the  Organized  Homes,  which  gets  89  votes ;  the 
boarding  house  comes  next  with  31,  and  then  the  furnished  room 
with  18.  We  always  seem  to  be  obliged  to  accord  the  first  place 
to  the  apartment.  The  next  significant  thing  about  these  figures 
is  the  wide  discrepancy  between  the  number  of  those  who  live  in 
furnished  rooms  and  the  number  who  prefer  this  type  of  housing. 
We  found  that  215  colored  women  live  in  furnished  rooms  and  we 
learn  that  only  18  wish  to  do  so.  This  is  a  sad  commentary  on 
the  housing  accommodations  of  Harlem.  While  53  live  in  Or- 
ganized Homes,  it  appears  that  89  would  like  to  do  so;  and 
although  only  9  live  in  boarding  houses,  31  would  be  glad  to  get 
into  them.  In  fact,  these  women  seem  to  choose  anything  rather 
than  the  furnished  rooms  into  which  they  are  forced.  The  age 
at  which  these  women  prefer  any  kind  of  housing  does  not  vary 
much.  On  the  whole,  the  group  preferring  the  Organized  Home 
is  a  little  the  youngest,  and  the  group  preferring  the  apartment 
a  little  the  oldest,  while  the  group  desiring  the  boarding  house  is 
very  young — only  from  15  to  24  for  the  most  part.  The  oldest 
person  filling  in  her  questionnaire  declines  to  tell  her  preference — 
probably  life  has  her  dull  acquiescence  with  any  shelter.  The 
same  is  true  of  the  other  three  over  50  years  of  age.  Of  those 
from  40  to  50,  the  apartment  is  emphatically  the  choice  (Table 
Col.  13). 

Suggestions 

Out  of  678  cards  filled  out  by  colored  women,  only  48  con- 
tained suggestions  as  to  housing.  Of  these,  nine  wished  Or- 
ganized Homes  similar  to  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Asso- 
ciation and  one  suggested  the  change  that  board  should  be  fur- 
nished in  the  same  building,  which  is  not  done  in  the  Colored 
Branch  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association.  One 
wished  country  homes  for  working  women,  and  one  definitely  sug- 
gested apartments  to  consist  of  two  to  four  rooms,  with  bath, 
hot  water,  plenty  of  light  and  air,  and  larger  air  shafts.  One 
preferred  rooming  houses  with  meals  on  the  premises,  and  one 


64  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

wished  more  boarding  houses.  The  rest  of  them  wished  small 
apartments  where  light  housekeeping  could  be  done,  and  they 
inveighed  rather  pitifully  against  what  are  the  special  evils  of 
the  Harlem  accommodations,  lack  of  air,  congestion  not  only  in 
the  house,  but  in  each  room,  lack  of  privacy,  lack  of  kitchen  privi- 
leges and  the  fact  that  the  inferior  gas  seems  commonly  to  be 
turned  off  at  9.30.  There  are,  also,  many  bitter  complaints 
about  the  prices  of  rooms,  which  often  seem  to  be  greater  than 
the  wage  of  the  worker  warrants.  One  Young  Women's  Christian 
Association  secretary,  speaking  from  a  less  personal  point  of 
view,  makes  the  following  practical  suggestion: 

"Facilities  for  personal  laundry  work,  a  kitchenette,  reception 
rooms,  baths,  improved  ventilating  system,  better  lighting  (both 
natural  and  artificial),  and  above  all,  proper  and  more  wholesome 
provisions  for  men  visitors  are  features  of  living  conditions  for 
women  that  make  a  crying  appeal  for  adjustment." 

The  secretary  of  the  New  York  Urban  League  says  that  the 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association  attracts  more  particularly 
a  superior  class  of  girls  and  women  and  that  houses  to  accommo- 
date the  less  intelligent  or  less  well  educated  working  girl  are 
the  great  present  necessity.  He  points  out  the  large  numbers  of 
vacant  lots  in  Harlem  on  which  apartment  houses  could  be  built 
if  capital  were  available. 


VII 

SUGGESTIONS   AS   TO   HOUSING 

The  last  item  on  the  questionnaire  was  the  following:  "Make 
any  suggestion  that  occurs  to  you  as  to  housing  for  employed 
women."  Relatively  few  women  availed  themselves  of  this  oppor- 
tunity and  quite  naturally  they  were  commonly  of  the  profes- 
sional and  clerical  class.  Factory,  mercantile  and  domestic 
workers  paid  little  attention  to  the  request.  A  few,  however,  ex- 
pressed their  need  of  lower  rents  and  more  housing. 

The  suggestions  made  by  this  group  show  a  desire  for  com- 
panionship, hence  a  turning  to  the  Organized  Home,  where  the 
girls  have  "a  chance  to  mingle  with  other  girls,  try  to  be  friends 
instead  of  strangers,  form  clubs,  have  companionship,"  in  short, 
"keep  from  being  lonely  and  going  out  to  seek  pleasure." 

But  some  of  these  girls  object  to  "all  their  restrictions  and 
regulations,"  and  a  good  many  wish  the  homes  to  be  open  to 
women  over  thirty  years  old. 

Another  set  of  suggestions  is  along  the  line  of  the  apartment 
house  with  space  saving  and  money  saving  devices.  Says  one 
woman:  "Modern  up-to-date  housing  for  women  should  offer 
facilities  for  light  housekeeping  and  the  doing  of  laundry.  The 
present  high  cost  of  living  makes  some  definite  economy  neces- 
sary for  many,  and  doing  one's  laundry  is  one  possible  and  very 
satisfactory  way  of  economizing." 

Another  says  along  this  line:  "Have  a  place  for  pressing  on 
each  floor.  All  girls  want  a  place  where  they  can  cook  occasion- 
ally." 

The  third  suggests  a  workroom  for  those  who  need  to  sew. 

All  insist  on  good  light  and  plenty  of  opportunity  to  bathe, 
and  one  urges  an  elevator. 

One  girl  writes  with  feeling:  "Two  or  three  rooms  with  all 
modern  appointments,  that's  living!" 

Housing  suggestions  from  clerical  workers 

Housing  suggestions  from  clerical  workers  are  more  numerous 
and  fuller  than  the  last  set :  Some  of  them  are  as  follows : 

[65] 


66  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OP    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

I  Organized  Homes: 

1.  For  elderly  women. 

2.  Without  restrictions  of  age  or  salaries. 

3.  On  club  plan  with  unrestricted  hours,  reception  rooms, 

and  recreational  director. 

4.  For  girls,  where  they  may,  if  they  choose,  cook  their 

own  meajs  and  take  care  of  their  own  rooms. 

5.  Club  where  a  girl  could  get  board  and  room  with  room- 

mate for  $7.00  or  $8.00  a  week,  with  sitting  and  danc- 
ing rooms. 

6.  Don't  call  whatever  you  build  a  "Home  for  Women"; 

girls  must  feel  self-respecting. 
II  Housekeeping  apartments: 

7.  Proper  housekeeping  apartments  with  lower  rents. 

8.  Model  tenements  within  walking  distance  of  work. 

9.  Two  or  three  rooms  with  kitchen,  not  kitchenette,  for 

from  $25.00  to  $50.00  a  month. 

10.  Build  more  medium  class  apartments  for  working  people, 

that  is  of  2  to  4  rooms,  if  without  an  elevator  not 
more  than  four  stories  high,  with  light  and  air,  steam 
and  hot  water,  rent  not  to  exceed  $25.00  a  month  to 
be  paid  in  weekly  installments. 

11.  Small   apartments   on   co-operative  plan  with  janitor 

service  and  concierge  who  could  be  hired  by  the  hour 
for  cleaning,  etc. 
Ill  Hotels: 

12.  First-class  hotel  for  women,  with  small  apartments,  at 

moderate  price. 

13.  Women's    hotel    run    for    expenses    only.      Board    on 

European  plan. 
IV  General  suggestions: 

14.  Each  working  woman  should  have  two  rooms. 

15.  Every  girl  should  have  a  separate  room. 

A  number  of  these  women  lament  the  high  cost  of  comfort 
in  relation  to  their  earnings.  One  says :  "Living  at  home  is  the 
only  reason  I  am  able  to  make  a  presentable  appearance.  With 
prices  as  high  as  at  present,  and  salaries  for  clerical  workers  not 
up  in  proportion,  what  is  a  girl  going  to  do?" 

Another  writes  in  the  same  vein:     "If  I  were  free  to  choose 


SUGGESTIONS    AS    TO    HOUSING.  67 

as  a  way  of  living  I  would  prefer  a  housekeeping  apartment.  It 
is  therefore  very  necessary  that  an  employed  woman  receive  a 
living  wage  in  order  to  do  this,  and  even  then  it  will  be  neces- 
sary for  her  to  share  this  apartment  with  one  or  more  employed 
women,  friends  or  relatives,  in  order  to  make  both  ends  meet." 

One  suggestion  of  economy  is  that  the  apartments  should  be 
built  with  no  fancy  trimmings,  "Let  the  girl  do  the  trimming." 

A  specific  suggestion  is  the  following:  "The  residential  sec- 
tion of  lower  New  York  is  a  positive  disgrace  to  a  city  like  ours. 
I  believe  if  some  of  the  unsanitary  houses  were  torn  down  and 
small  convenient  apartments  at  moderate  rentals  built  in  their 
place,  and  I  am  sure  the  average  business  women  would  be  only 
too  glad  to  occupy  them.  It  would  save  them  many  an  hour's 
journey  back  and  forth  to  business  every  day." 

One  clerical  worker  has  worked  out  so  definite  a  plan  that  it 
seems  well  to  give  space  to  it  here.  She  addresses  it  "To  Those 
Interested  in  The  Welfare  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Woman  of  The 
Middle  Class  Who  is  Obliged  to  Enter  a  Business  Career: 

"I  would  suggest  the  acquisition  of  land  in  area  to  permit  of 
the  erection  of  a  twenty-five  story  building  around  a  large  court, 
the  court  to  be  laid  out  as  an  attractive  garden,  if  only  on  a 
small  plan.  The  idea  of  this  is  to  permit  of  all  bedrooms  having 
outside  air  and  light,  and  in  the  case  of  those  facing  on  the  court, 
a  pleasant  and  cheering  outlook.  Words  cannot  convey  the  relief 
it  is  to  many  persons  to  turn  from  the  noise  and  dust  of  the 
streets  to  a  quiet  nook,  however  small,  where  one  can  see  grass 
and  shrubbery. 

"I  would  suggest  that  the  building  be  partly  arranged  in 
apartments,  consisting  of  bedroom  and  sitting  room,  for  one  or 
more  individuals,  that  the  balance  be  devoted  to  single  bedrooms, 
that  there  be  in  charge  of  the  building  a  House  Mother  in  the 
real  sense  of  the  word,  not  a  martinet,  a  woman  of  sympathy, 
knowledge  of  the  world  in  a  broad  sense,  deep  understanding,  to 
whom  the  girls  and  women  could  go  for  inspiration  and  counsel, 
and  who  would  have  an  adequate  number  of  assistants  in  the  man- 
agement of  this  Home-Apartment-Hotel,  selected  with  the  same 
care  as  the  House  Mother. 

"I  would  suggest  that  there  be  included  in  the  arrangement  of 
the  building,  a  large  auditorium,  where  a  dance  would  be  given 


68  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

by  the  House  Mother  at  least  one  evening  a  week,  to  which  tenants 
would  have  the  privilege  of  inviting  a  friend,  man  or  woman,  and 
that  there  be  provided  a  restaurant  and  cafeteria,  serving  whole- 
some, appetizing  foot  at  cost. 

"I  suggest  that  a  laundry  be  installed  to  which  tenants  could 
bring  their  work  and  have  it  done  at  moderate  cost. 

"I  believe  there  are  enough  men  and  women  in  New  York  City, 
interested  in  their  fellow-beings,  to  give  sufficiently  of  their  wealth 
and  energy  to  make  this  idea  a  reality.  To  those  who  would  scoff 
at  it,  as  Utopian,  I  would  say  that  their  attitude  is  born  of 
ignorance  of  the  struggle  being  waged  by  many  thousands  of 
girls  of  refined  instincts  and  uprearing  to  live  decently  in  this 
great  city,  even  on  good  salaries,  in  the  face  of  the  huge  rents 
and  living  costs. 

"The  whole  existence — it  is  not  life — is  a  vicious  circle,  with 
little  or  no  opportunity  for  development  mentally,  spiritually  or 
physically,  and  the  homesickness,  the  discouragement  and  the 
stunting  of  mental  and  spiritual  growth  are  all  directly  traceable 
to  the  never  ceasing  worry  about  making  ends  meet. 

"If  the  money  were  to  be  given  to  buy  the  land,  erect  and  fur- 
nish the  building  and  then  make  the  charges  so  low  that  the  enter- 
prise would  be  run  thereafter  merely  at  cost,  it  would  be  one  of 
the  greatest  acts  of  altruism  ever  performed  in  New  York. 

"These  suggestions  merely  outline  what  could  be  done  by  per- 
sons of  noble  impulse  and  large  vision.  The  president  of  the 
Metropolitan  Life  Insurance  Company  has  shown  the  world  the 
great  measure  of  good  resulting  to  thousands  of  people  from  the 
great  heart  and  noble  soul  of  one  man." 

Suggestions  of  business  and  professional  women 

The  business  and  professional  groups  expressed  themselves  with 
so  much  clearness  and  definiteness  when  they  wrote  suggestions 
that  we  shall  quote  selections  from  them  verbatim: 

"Food  is  so  high  that  eating  in  restaurants  is  impossible. 
Boarding  houses  are  intolerable.  Private  families  have  too  many 
restrictions." 

"The  best  solution  is  an  apartment  house,  the  apartments  con- 
sisting of  one  room,  bath  and  real  kitchen.  The  apartment  house 
at  115  West  16th  Street  is  a  good  example  of  combination  bath 


SUGGESTIONS    AS    TO    HOUSING.  69 

and  kitchen.  To  save  space,  combination  bath  and  kitchen  is 
fine." 

"There  seems  to  be  a  scarcity  of  comfortable,  well-built  apart- 
ment houses  in  quiet  respectable  neighborhoods,  that  are  available 
for  people  of  small  incomes.  We  desire  things  simple.  Every- 
thing put  on  for  show  has  to  be  paid  for  in  rental,  often  making  a 
home  in  a  suitable  neighborhood  not  to  be  had  by  a  woman  in 
industry.  Small  apartments  that  can  be  cared  for  without  outside 
help  are  a  necessity." 

"I  think  the  great  need  at  the  present  time  is  for  houses  on  the 
Allerton  type  (for  men,  55th  Street  and  Madison  Avenue).  Many 
women  desire  to  have  the  privacy  and  the  joys  of.  a  home,  and 
need  suites  distinctively  for  women,  or  else  apartments  of  four  or 
five  rooms.  Women  earning  good  salaries  do  not  wish  to  deprive 
less  fortunate  women  of  their  chances  of  obtaining  rooms  at  the 
Junior  League  or  Young  Women's  Christian  Association.  My 
room  rent  was  raised  45  per  cent,  and  owing  to  ill  health  I  was 
unable  to  move  to  smaller  and  cheaper  quarters.  I  walked  up  and 
down  street  after  street  trying  to  get  a  home  in  a  decent  neigh- 
borhood at  a  moderate  price.  I  was  forced  to  accept  the  increased 
rental  as  I  could  not  afford  the  time  to  appear  in  court  against 
my  landlord." 

"The  people  of  New  York  should  see  that  there  are  some  apart- 
ments in  the  good  sections  of  the  city  for  refined,  educated  people, 
within  their  means.  The  one  for  the  Ethical  Society  at  65th 
Street  and  Central  Park  West,  is  an  example.  Most  apartments 
within  our  means  are  dark  and  badly  managed,  and  are  infested 
with  roaches,  bugs  and  moths." 

"The  great  need  is  for  fiats  of  3-4  rooms.  Two  women  could 
have  a  four-room  flat,  two  bedrooms,  one  kitchen  and  a  living 
room.  Three  rooms  would  do  for  two  women  who  had  less  salary. 
The  dining  room  should  be  cast  aside,  there  should  be  separate 
bedrooms  of  about  equal  size.  The  living  room  should  have  a 
closet  that  would  do  for  clothing,  in  case  it  should  also  have  to 
do  as  a  bedroom,  and  there  should  be  a  dish  closet  near  the  door. 
A  four-room  flat  at  present  has  one  living  room,  one  dining  room, 
one  bedroom  and  one  kitchen.  This  is  wrong.  A  dining  room  is 
not  needed.  We  need  civilized  sleeping  places  and  a  room  to  use 
in  common  for  entertainment  and  dining.  Floor  space  divided  as 


70  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

I  have  suggested  will  give  a  larger  common  room  and  two  decent 
bedrooms.  Of  course  there  should  be  a  bath." 

"At  present  all  small  flats  are  either  at  the  back  or  low  down 
in  a  poorly  lighted  corner,  or  very  expensive.  Small  flats  seem 
also  to  be  taken  by  women  of  ill  repute.  Briefly,  build  anywhere 
three  or  four  room  flats,  ask  a  possible  rent  from  the  tenants' 
point  of  view,  and  keep  out  prostitutes,  and  wage-earning  women 
will  be  helped." 

In  conversation  with  women  who  have  thought  of  this  question 
of  how  the  employed  woman  can  live  in  New  York,  we  have  met 
with  many  strong  expressions  of  the  feeling  that  it  is  the  woman 
over  thirty  years  of  age,  with  an  income  of  two  or  three  thousand 
a  year  who  has  the  greatest  difficulty  in  finding  what  she  wants. 
She  cannot  afford  what  she  desires  and  has  been  used  to, — two 
rooms  and  a  bath;  she  can  hardly  obtain  this  even  by  going  in 
with  some  other  woman.  If  she  manages  to  afford  an  apartment, 
she  cannot  afford  a  maid,  and  she  ought  not  to  carry  a  job  and 
do  her  own  housework.  She  cannot  get  into  the  Organized  Homes, 
and  no  one  thinks  of  providing  anything  especial  for  her. 
Whether  the  problem  could  be  best  met  by  a  co-operative  plan, 
or  whether  it  would  be  reasonable  for  some  agency  to  put  up  an 
apartment  hotel  or  co-operative  hotel  or  club,  where  a  little 
sociability  can  be  combined  with  comfort  and  privacy  and  yet  be 
within  the  means  of  a  woman  with,  say,  an  income  of  $3000.00  is 
a  question.  Any  such  hotel  should  have  a  dining  room,  either 
obligatory  or  at  choice,  although  a  tiny  kitchenette,  where  one 
might  brew  a  cup  of  tea  for  a  guest  would  add  to  the  joy  of  the 
apartment.  In  such  a  hotel,  the  accommodations  should  vary  to 
suit  a  single  woman,  two  friends,  or  a  family,  and  to  fit  varying 
incomes. 


VIII 
SOME  INTERESTING  EXPERIMENTS  IN  HOUSING 

Co-operative  housing 

Among  the  various  suggestions  made  in  the  questionnaires,  co- 
operative housing  has  appeared  a  number  of  times.  An  effort 
was  made  to  find  out  what  was  actually  being  done  along  these 
lines  in  the  city  or  sufficiently  near  to  enable  an  employed  woman 
to  avail  herself  of  it.  The  so-called  co-operative  ownership  of 
large  apartment  houses  does  not  help  the  situation  so  far  as  the 
rank  and  file  of  workers  is  concerned.  Such  an  undertaking  as 
the  Jackson  Heights  Apartments  in  Queens  puts  self-owned  homes 
within  the  means  of  the  small  group  of  well  paid  business  and 
professional  women  and  is  more  genuinely  co-operative  in  techni- 
que than  the  co-operative  apartments  in  the  city  which  are  purely 
commercial. 

Two  groups  of  employed  women  at  least  are  experimenting  in 
what  are  really  co-operative  boarding  houses. 

The  International  Ladies  Garment  Workers  Union  furnished 
the  capital  to  establish  a  non-profit  making  boarding  house  on 
Lexington  Avenue  near  36th  Street.  It  is  entirely  self-govern- 
ing and  charges  rates  sufficient  to  lay  aside  a  fund  to  repay  the 
loan.  It  accommodates  between  40  and  50  women  and  purposes 
to  be  a  genuine  co-operative  enterprise  in  the  near  future. 

An  organized  group  of  Finnish  women  maintain  the  Finnish 
Women's  Corporate  Home  at  241  Lenox  Avenue  which  is  run  on 
similar  lines. 

The  Co-operative  League  of  America  states  that  the  only 
genuine  instance  of  co-operative  ownership  of  a  house  in  Man- 
hattan so  far  as  they  knew  is  the  Beekman  Hill  Co-operative 
Association,  Inc.  The  following  data  was  supplied  by  the  presi- 
dent of  the  association: 

Beekman  Hill  Co-operative  Association,  Inc.,  purchased  four 
adjourning  houses.  These  were  well  built  brownstone  front 
houses,  85  feet  deep.  In  order  to  fit  them  for  use  and  conform 
them  to  the  Tenement  House  Law,  a  court  had  to  be  cut  out  of 
the  center  of  the  houses,  cutting  out  the  two  dark  rooms  in  each 

[71] 


72  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

house.  The  houses  were  then  arranged  in  34  apartments  of  two 
rooms,  kitchen  and  bath.  They  are  not  uniform  in  size ;  the  rental 
therefore,  is  based  upon  the  number  of  square  feet  in  the  apart- 
ment. The  rentals  run  from  $50.00  to  $57.50  a  month.  The 
owner  of  each  apartment  is  a  stockholder  in  the  corporation  and 
has  one  vote.  In  some  cases  two  people  share  an  apartment  and 
each  has  a  vote.  Each  stockholder  pays  $2000.00  for  her  stock. 
Money  has  been  loaned  in  several  instances  to  women  who  had 
not  enough  to  invest  in  a  house,  but  who  could  give  properly 
endorsed  notes.  It  is  estimated  that  the  rentals  will  pay  5  per 
cent,  on  the  capital  stock. 

The  cost  of  making  over  was  paid  by  a  first  mortgage,  the  in- 
terest of  which  was  taken  care  of  by  the  rentals.  As  the  mort- 
gage is  reduced,  rentals  will  decrease. 

There  is  no  dining  room  on  the  premises,  but  there  are  two 
general  reception  rooms  on  the  ground  floor.  The  only  service 
furnished  is  that  of  the  janitor  and  his  wife.  Telephones  are  in 
each  room,  but  there  is  no  central  telephone.  The  rooms  have  no 
special  modern  features,  but  are  very  light  and  airy.  They  are 
not  quite  ready  for  occupancy. 

Applications  for  stock  and  an  apartment  must  be  passed  on 
by  the  Board  of  Directors,  as  it  is  of  fundamental  importance  to 
secure  reliable  tenants.  Arrangements  are  made  for  the  with- 
drawal of  stockholders,  should  that  become  necessary. 

The  situation  of  the  apartments  is  from  343  to  349  East  50th 
Street,  in  a  district  not  particularly  congested,  pleasantly  near 
the  river  and  convenient  to  elevated  and  surface  lines  of  trans- 
portation. 

A  Girls'  Community  Club 

The  Girls'  Community  Club  is  a  recent  development  of  the  Or- 
ganized Home  idea.  It  differs  from  other  Organized  Homes  in 
that  it  is  run  on  the  cottage  system.  A  central  club  house  was 
rented  at  109  East  30th  Street  by  the  Association  to  Promote 
Proper  Housing  for  Girls.  This  house  contains  a  dining  room, 
rooms  where  cafeteria  lunches  are  served,  recreational  rooms, 
offices  and  a  small  number  of  bedrooms.  In  addition  to  this,  the 
club  has  taken  over  four  rooming  houses  within  the  block.  Each 
house  has  been  made  over  to  accommodate  about  25  girls.  The 


SOME    INTERESTING    EXPERIMENTS    IN    HOUSING.  73 

houses  are  run  by  landladies  who  ask  to  come  into  the  system, 
and  who  are  carefully  investigated.  The  club  stands  ready  to 
lend  each  a  sum  of  money  to  furnish  her  place  attractively.  This 
all  of  them  are  expected  to  be  able  to  repay  within  a  year  or  two, 
making  a  comfortable  living  for  themselves  and  taking  the  girls 
for  from  $5.50  to  $7.50  a  week  for  room  only. 

Each  house  has  a  parlor  in  which  to  receive  company,  but  the 
recreation  center  is  in  the  club  house.  All  of  the  girls  living  in 
the  model  rooming  houses  must  be  members  of  the  Girls'  Com- 
munity Club,  and  must  pay  for  two  meals  a  day  and  three  on 
Sunday  at  the  club  dining  room,  at  the  flat  charge  of  $5.00  a 
week.  A  cafeteria,  open  to  the  public,  is  a  means  of  income.  Dues 
of  $1.50  are  received  from  each  member  of  the  club. 

The  cottage  plan  allows  for  a  small  congenial  group  of  girls, 
who  may  leave  their  doors  open,  visit  back  and  forth  and  in  gen- 
eral enjoy  some  of  the  social  life  of  a  college  dormitory.  It  also 
allows  for  considerable  friendly  supervision  on  the  part  of  the 
landlady.  This  Community  Club  has  worked  out  so  satisfactorily 
that  a  second  center  on  MacDougall  Street  has  recently  been 
opened.  In  the  Girls'  Community  Club  the  members  must  be 
under  thirty  years  of  age  and  earn  not  over  $35.00  a  week.  It 
is  thought  that  clubs  of  this  sort  are  not  satisfactory  where  too 
great  a  latitude  of  age  is  permitted,  and  that  it  is  better  to  keep 
the  members  somewhere  near  the  same  age.  Similarity  of  tastes 
and  occupations  are  apt  to  follow  similarity  of  age  and  income. 
One  thing  that  separates  younger  and  older  women  is  the  desire 
of  the  younger  to  make  as  much  noise  as  they  please  and  the 
preference  of  the  latter  for  quiet. 

The  financial  standing  of  the  Girls'  Community  Club  is  as 
follows :  Money  was  loaned,  in  the  first  place,  to  alter  and  furnish 
the  club  house  and  to  pay  the  rent  for  three  years,  but  it  is  claimed 
that  the  committee  has  gradually  put  the  club  on  a  basis  where, 
with  its  model  rooming  house,  it  can  yield  10  per  cent,  interest 
on  the  cost.  The  club  house  is  valued  at  $95,000.00  and  the 
present  monthly  profit  from  the  rooms  (after  rent  and  other  ex- 
penses have  been  paid),  dues,  members'  dining  room,  and  cafeteria, 
is  said  to  average  $750.00.  This  added  to  income  from  rents  now 
furnishes  an  ample  revenue  to  meet  the  interest. 

A  possible  objection  to  the  Girls'  Community  Club  as  a  housing 


74  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

proposition  is  that  it  does  not  add  to  the  existing  facilities  for 
housing.  Making  over  old  houses,  as  it  does,  would  not  seem  at 
present  to  modify  the  enormous  shortage  of  New  York  accommo- 
dations. This,  however,  might  be  obviated  by  building  new  room- 
ing houses  or  possibly  by  building  a  large  house  and  keeping  each 
floor  as  a  unit,  practically  a  cottage. 

An  experiment  in  suburban  homes 

One  of  the  older  of  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association 
secretaries,  whose  work  has  brought  her  experience  in  housing 
problems,  has  had  the  initiative  to  start  a  real  estate  project  in 
Westchester  County.  Greatly  desiring  a  home,  she  undertook  to 
furnish  one  not  only  for  herself  but  also  for  others,  and  by 
taking  advantage  of  acreage  prices  of  land  and  quantity  con- 
struction of  houses  has  been  able  to  reduce  the  cost  of  buying  and 
building  to  a  minimum.  She  claims  that  the  cost  of  building  today 
is  not  at  all  prohibitive,  indeed,  is  reasonable  if  approached  in  a 
reasonable  way. 

Her  colony  is  not  exclusively  for  employed  women,  but  includes 
families  as  well  as  spinsters.  But  as  it  is  the  scheme  of  a  woman, 
it  finds  place  here  as  a  model.  She  offers  a  lot  40  x  115  and  a 
house  in  a  "like  minded"  community  for  $6100.00,  $7200.00,  or 
$8300.00  according  to  floor  plan.  The  payment  of  about  $60.00, 
$70.00  or  $80.00  per  month,  respectively,  would  give  occupancy 
of  the  house,  pay  for  it  in  eleven  years,  and  furnish  the  coal,  taxes 
and  electricity.  The  location  is  in  beautiful  Westchester,  ten 
minutes  by  trolley  from  express  trains  to  the  city. 

Women  who  want  a  home  in  the  country  near  New  York  City, 
and  are  willing  to  invest  money  in  it,  would  find  such  a  scheme 
very  practicable. 

A  group  of  socialized  boardmg  houses 

Although  boarding  houses  are  becoming  more  and  more  un- 
usual, an  interesting  experiment  in  that  line  has  been  made  in 
lower  Harlem.  Five  years  ago  when  there  seemed  to  be  a  demand 
for  boarding  houses  for  girls,  a  charitably  minded  individual  fur- 
nished two  buildings,  one  to  be  used  as  a  boarding  house  and  the 
other  as  a  club  house  for  the  club  called  "The  Workers  Amuse- 
ment Club."  A  woman,  who  had  done  social  work  for  over  twenty 


SOME    INTERESTING    EXPERIMENTS    IN    HOUSING.  75 

years,  was  interested  in  the  project  and  ran  the  first  boarding 
house.  At  that  time,  she  was  able  to  give  board  and  lodging  for 
$8.00  a  week.  The  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association  found 
her  boarding  house  such  a  delightful  place  to  send  their  girls, 
that  they  wanted  to  enlarge  it.  They  persuaded  a  philanthropist 
to  buy  two  more  houses  and  rent  them  to  the  landlady. 

The  club  features  were  abandoned  when  the  war  came  and  the 
building  was  turned  into  a  boarding  house.  The  social  worker 
rented  two  other  boarding  houses  and  now  has  six,  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  West  118th  Street.  Two  of  these  are  liable  to  be  sold  at 
any  time  and  she  hopes  before  this  happens  to  be  able  to  buy 
them  or  arrange  a  long  lease. 

A  married  couple  lives  in  each  of  the  six  houses.  There  is  no 
definite  chaperonage  and  there  are  no  restrictions  in  the  house — 
not  even  such  as  come  from  self-government.  No  one  can  be  ad- 
mitted to  the  houses  who  is  not  recommended  nor  can  be  kept  who 
is  not  desirable.  Otherwise  there  are  no  restrictions — as  to  age, 
wage,  or  religion.  Most  of  the  girls,  however,  are  between  21 
and  85  years  of  age. 

The  houses  are  divided  into  single  rooms,  double  rooms  and 
rooms  holding  three  girls.  The  price  is  $11.00  and  $12.00  for 
room  and  two  meals  a  day.  There  is  opportunity  for  washing, 
ironing,  pressing  and  serving  tea  in  the  rooms,  when  the  girls 
wish  it.  One  of  the  houses  contains  a  general  dining  room  which 
seats  about  80.  As  meals  are  served  for  two  hours,  the  whole 
126  can  be  accommodated. 

Except  for  the  furniture  given  at  the  beginning,  and  for  the 
fact  that  a  little  money  was  loaned  to  her  by  a  trust  company, 
and  afterwards  repaid,  the  landlady  has  had  no  financial  help, 
and  the  boarding  houses  have  proved  self-supporting.  She  states, 
however,  that  $2000.00  a  year  should  be  put  into  replenishings. 

In  two  houses  there  are  sitting  rooms,  but  in  the  others  the 
only  arrangements  for  company  are  the  girls'  rooms,  which  are 
generally  furnished  with  couches.  Where  occupied  by  two  or 
three  girls,  the  landlady  feels  that  the  rooms  become  very  proper 
sitting  rooms.  She  says  that  in  her  early  experience,  she  found 
the  sitting  rooms  the  most  prolific  source  of  trouble,  and  she  is 
glad  to  give  them  up.  In  the  largest  house,  she  gives  an  occasional 
dance.  She  has  encouraged  a  good  many  of  the  girls  to  join 


76  HOUSING    CONDITIONS    OF    EMPLOYED    WOMEN. 

Christmas  Clubs  and  thus  encourages  thrift.  On  the  whole,  how- 
ever, she  lets  the  girls  very  much  alone.  Consequently,  this  house 
attracts  a  good  many  young  women  who  object  to  institutional 
life,  and  who  find  an  independent  and,  at  the  same  time,  friendly 
atmosphere  here. 

It  is  quite  possible  that  other  interesting  housing  experiments 
for  women  are  being  carried  on  in  Manhattan,  but  if  so  they  have 
not  been  brought  to  the  attention  of  our  committee. 


TABLES 


TABLE 
ORGANIZED  HOMES  FOR  GIRLS  IN  THE  BOR 


NAME 

ADDRESS 

CONTROL 

DATE 
FOUNDED 

NUMBER 

ACCOMMODATED!! 

CONTROLI 

Casa  Maria                                 .    .  . 

ED  BY  ROMAN  CATK 
251  West  14th  

415  West  120th  
207  East  71st  

OLIC  ORGANIZATIONS 
Augustinian  Fathers  of  Assumption. 

Sisters  of  Mercy 

1910 
1914 
1911 

1899 
1903 

1914 
1897 

1874 
1893 
1911 
1919 
1908 
1869 

1910 
1919 
1913 
1920 

1920 

1920 
1891 
1908 

1918 

1907 

1913 

1917 
1914 
1906 
1906 
1909 
1897 

1893 

1910 
1907 

30 
200 
60 
24 
130 

185 

110 
32 

40 
35 
41 
42 
38 
49 

250 
82 
16 
30 

50 

200 
120 
65 
25 
175 

40 

105 

120 
16 
38 
38 
50 
90 

40 

50 
6.r> 

Devinclaire    .                   

Dominican  Home     

Dominican  Sisters  of  St.  Vincent's 
Ferrirs  Parish. 
Sisters  of  Divine  Compassion 

House  of  Our  Lady  for  Business 
Girls. 
Jeanne   d'Arc   Home   for    French 
Girls. 

Our  Lady  of  Peace 

54  East  126th  

253  West  24th  
225  West  14th   .    . 

Sisters  of  Divine  Providence  

Sisters  of  Divine  Compassion  
Sisters  of  Mercy  

Regina  Angelorum        

116  East  106th  
523  West  142nd  

rnoLLED  BY  LADIES' 
308  Second  Ave 

Felician  Sisters  of  St.  Francis  
CHRISTIAN  UNION 

CON' 

Branch  Home 

The  Eva  

102  East  30th  

The  Katherine 

118  West  13th 

Milbank  Memorial   

11  West  10th  

The  Rosemary 

24  West  12th 

The  Sage  

49  West  9th 

CONTROLLED 
Central  Club  for  Nurses 

BY  YOUNG  WOMEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION 
132  East  45th. 

Colored  Women's  Residence  Hall.  . 
French  Branch  Boarding  Home.  .  . 
Harlem  Boarding  Home 

200  West  137th 

124  West  16th  

Temporarily  out  of 
quarters. 

119  East  21st 

Taken  over 
existence  while  seeking  new 

International    Institute    Boarding 
Home. 

607  Hudson 

Margaret  Louisa  

14  East  16th  

Studio  Club 

35  East  62nd 

Annex  

Tatham  House 

38th  St.  and  Lexing- 
ton Ave. 

460  West  44th 

West  Side  Boarding  House  

CONTROI 

LED  BY  MISCELLANEOUS  ORGANIZATIONS 

119  East  29th                   Pri  vat.pl  v 

330  West  36th  .... 
5  Charles  
434  West  20th...    . 
363  West  34th  .... 
462  West  22nd...    . 
225  East  63rd  

342  West  23rd  
307  East  12th 

Brick  Church 

Charles  St.  House  

Privately  

Chelsea  Club 

Chelsea  House  Association    .          .  . 

Chelsea  House  II  

Chelsea  House  Association  
Federation  of  Women's  Clubs  

City  Federation  Hot^l 

Clara  de  Hirsch  Home  
The  Co-operato 

Elizabeth  Home 

Children's  Aid  Society 

Emeline  York-Tyndal  

58  East  102nd  
[78] 

People's  Tabernacle  

OUGH  OF  MANHATTAN,  NEW  YORK  CITY 


PRICE  PER  WEEK 

RESTRICTIONS 

(including  two 

meals  a  day  and 
three  on  Sunday, 
unless  otherwise 
stated) 

Wage 
limit 

Age 

limit 

Nationality 

Occupation 

Length 

of  stay 

Religion 

$8.00—  J9.00  (three 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

meals  a  day) 

5.00-10.00  (three 

Low 

Young 

0 

0 

0 

Prefer  Catholic* 

meals  a  day) 
4.00-  6.00 

0 

30 

0 

0 

0 

0 

4.00  (transients) 
7.00 

0 

Young 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5.25-7.25  (three 
meals  a  day) 

0 

0 

Primarily  for 
French-speaking 

0 

0 

0 

4.50-6.50 
11.50-17.00 

0 

0 

girls 
0 

0 

0 

Women  of  educa- 

tion and  refine- 

ment. 

5.50 

Low 

Young 

0 

0 

0 

Prefer  Catholic* 

3.00-6.00  (three 

0 

45 

0 

0 

0 

0 

meals  a  day) 

6.00-8.00 

0 

0 

c 

0 

0 

Protestant 

6  00-8  00 

15 

35 

0 

0 

0 

Protestant 

6.00-8  00 

15 

35 

0 

0 

0 

Protestant 

6.00-7".50 

25 

35 

0 

Business  girls 

0 

Protestant 

6.00-8.00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Protestant 

6.50-8.00 

25 

35 

0 

0 

0 

Protestant 

16.50-20.00  month 

0 

0 

0 

Nurses 

5  years 

0 

(room  only) 
4.50-6.00  (room 

Low 

30 

Colored 

0 

0 

0 

only) 

9.00-11.00  (three 

0 

0 

French  speaking 

0 

0 

0 

meals  a  day) 
1.00  night  with 
breakfast 

0 

Young 
(18-20) 

**, 

0 

0 

Prefer   Protes- 
tants 

.60  in  room  with 

25  girls 
6.50-9.00 

5.00 

$20.00 

30 

Limited     knowl- 

0 

0 

0 

3.00  (room  only) 
7.00-11.00 

30.00 

30 

edge  of  English 
0 

0 

0 

0 

.75-1.50  (a  night) 
10.00-16.00 

0 
0 

0 
30 

0 
0 

0 

Students  of  art 

30  days 
0 

0 
0 

3.00-8.00  (room 

30.00 

35 

0 

0 

0 

0 

only) 

1.00-1.25,  tran- 

sients (a  night  ) 

6.50 

20.00 

30 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7.50-9.00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

While  out 

0 

of  work 

6.50-10.75 

25.00 

30-35 

0 

0 

4  years 

0 

6.00-9.00 

0 

0 

French 

0 

0 

0 

7.50-10.50 

Low 

30 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7.00-10.50 

0 

35 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6.50-8.50 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5.00-7.00  (three 

0 

14-21 

Prefer  Jews 

0 

0 

0 

meals  a  day) 
6.00-8.00  (three 

0 

Young 

0 

0 

0 

0 

meals  a  day) 
4.00-5.00 
6.00 

Low 
0 

Young 
30 

0 
No  Jews 

0 
0 

0 
0 

0 
Protestant 

[79] 


TABLE  A 
ORGANIZED  HOMES  FOB  GIRLS  IN  THE  BOR 


NAME 

ADDRESS 

CONTnOL 

a 

• 

si 
|l 

NUMBEB 

ACCOMMODATED  || 

French  Evangelical  Home  

341  West  30th 

1889 

24 

Girls'  Community  Club  

109  East  30th 

1919 

107 

Girls'  Friendly  Society  Lodge  

223  East  53rd 

Girls'  Friendly  Society 

1908 

110 

GIorieux-Dinsdale  Club  
Greer  House  

1175  Madison  Ave.  . 
123  East  28th 

New  York  Deaconnesses  Association 

1921 

15 
40 

Hannah  Lavenburg  Home  

319  East  17th 

cal  Service. 
Board  of  Directors.  ... 

1904 

30 

Holy  Cross  House  

300  East  4th 

Sisters  of  St  John  Baptist 

1911 

34 

Home  for  Colored  Girls  
Huguenot  Home  .  .  . 

130  West  113th  
237  West  24th 

Cathedral  St.  John  the  Divine  
French  Church  du  St  Esprit 

1910 
1900 

20 
31 

Mrs.  Humiston's  

170  West  59th 

1921 

20 

Junior  League  Hotel  

541  East  78th 

Board  of  Managers  and  City  and 

1911 

326 

Madchenheim-Vereins 

217  East  62nd 

Suburban  Homes. 

1895 

30 

The  Margaret  and  Sarah  Switzer 

Church. 
Board  of  Managers 

1911 

4?, 

Home  and  Institute. 
New  York  Hospital  and   Nurses' 

317  West  45th 

Board  of  Directors.  . 

1918 

160 

Club. 
OsbornHall  

426  East  26th 

Bellevue  Hospital  Alumnae 

1910 

185 

Sister  Catherine  House  

210  East  46th 

Board  of  Trustees  

1874 

20 

Smith  College  Club's  Apartment  — 

233  East  17th  . 

Smith  College  Club  

1921 

80 

Club  House. 
Three  Arts  Club  

340  West  85th 

Board  of  Managers  

1905 

7?, 

Vacation  House  .  .               .         ... 

220  Madison  Ave 

1914 

32 

Varick  House  

Board  of  Managers 

1915 

78 

The  Virginia 

228  East  12th 

New  York  Ass'n  Women  Workers 

1911 

87 

White  Rose  Home  

262  West  136th 

White  Rose  Mission 

1899 

15 

Young  Women's  Boarding  Home.  . 

333  West  22nd.. 

Salvation  Army  

1919 

?5 

Young  Women's  Hebrew  Ass'n  — 

31  West  110th  

Young  Women's  Hebrew  Ass'n  

1903 

153 

[80] 


—Continued 

OUGH  OP  MANHATTAN,  NEW  YORK  CITY 


PRICE  PEB  WEEK 

RESTRICTIONS 

(including  two 

three  on  Sunday, 

unless  otherwise 
stated) 

Wage 
limit 

Age 
limit 

Nationality 

Occupation 

Length 
of  stay 

Religion 

8.00-8.50  (three 

0 

0 

French 

0 

While  out 

0 

meals  a  day) 

of  work 

10,50-12.50 

30.00 

35 

0 

0 

0 

0 

12.00 

0 

Single 
girls 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7.75-10.00 

0 

0 

Prefer  American 

0 

0 

Prefer  Protes- 

tant 

10.00-17.00  (no 

30.00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

Episcopal 

meals  Sundays  ) 

400-6.00 

0 

25 

0 

0 

1  year 

0 

6.00  (three  meals  a 

Low 

Young 

0 

0 

0 

Episcopal 

2.00-5.00  (room 

0 

0 

Colored 

0 

0 

0 

only) 

6.60-7.60  (three 

0 

0 

French  speaking 

0 

0 

0 

meals  a  day) 

girls 

7.00  (room  only) 

0 

Young 

0 

0 

0 

0 

8.00-12.00 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5.25-6.50  (three 

0 

0 

German 

Servants 

While  out 

0 

meals  a  day) 

of  work 

6.50 

24.00 

25 

0 

0 

0 

0 

25.00-35.00  month 

0 

0 

0 

Nurses 

0 

0 

(room  only) 

16.50-27.00  month 

0 

40 

0 

Bellevue  nurses 

0 

0 

(room  only) 
7.00-9.00  (three 
meals  a  day) 

0 

16-35 

0 

0 

While  out 
of  work 

0 

8.00  wk.,  1800  yr. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

(room    or    apt. 

only),   'cafeteria 

in  building. 

10.00-12.00 

0 

30 

0 

Students  or  profes- 

0 

0 

sionals   of   music, 

7.00  up  (room  only) 

20.00 

30 

0 

drama  or  painting. 
0 

0 

0 

6.75-8.75 

25.00 

35 

0 

0 

0 

0 

6.00-9.00  (three 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

e 

meals  a  day) 

3.00-4.00  (room 

0 

0 

Colored 

0 

While  out 

0 

only) 
8.00-11.00  (three 

0 

0 

0 

0 

of  work 
0 

0 

meals  a  day) 

6.00-9.00 

20.00 

25 

Jews 

0 

0 

Jews 

[fill 


n 

INDEX  OF  TABLES 


BOOMS  REGISTRIES 


Table  R.  R.  1 
Table  R.  R.  2 
Table  R.  R.  3 

Table  R.  R.  4 

Table  R.  R.  5 

Table  R.  R.  6 

Table  R.R.  7  (a) 

Table  R.  R.  7  (b) 
Table  R.R.  7  (c) 

Table  R.  R.  8  (a) 
Table  R.R.  8  (b) 

Table  R.  R.  9 
Table  R.  R.  10 

Table  R.  R.  11 
Table  R.  R.  12  (a) 

Table  R.  R.  12  (b) 
Table  R.  R.  12  (c) 
Table  R.  R.  13 

Table  R.  R.  14 
Table  R.  R.  15 
Table  R.  R.  16  (a) 

Table  R.  R.  16  (b) 
Table  R.  R.  16  (c) 


Rooming  Accommodations. 

Permanent  and  Transient  Rooms. 

Comparison  of  Rants  Paid  for  Pennanent^and  Transient 
Rooms. 

Cost  of  Rooms  without  Board. 

Occupations,  Detailed  List. 

Occupations,  Classified  List. 

Cost  of  Rooms:  Rents  Paid  for  Rooms  Only  by  Occupational 
Groups  in  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association, 
Central  Branch. 

Cost  of  Rooms:  Rents  Paid  for  Rooms  Only  by  Occupational 
Groups  in  the  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association. 

Cost  of  Rooms:  Rents  Paid  for  Rooms  Only  by  Occupational 
Groups  in  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Association, 
Colored  Branch. 

Earnings:  Salaries  Received  Weekly  by  Women  in  Occupa- 
tional Groups,  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association. 

Earnings:  Salaries  Received  Weekly  by  Women  in  Occupa- 
tional Groups,  Young  Women's  Christian  Association, 
Colored  Branch. 

Cost  of  Rooms:  Salaries  Received  by  Women  Paying  Dif- 
ferent Room  Rents. 

Cost  of  Rooms:  Comparison  of  Rents  with  Earnings.  $  Rents 
are  Classified  in  $5.00  intervals. 

Ages. 

Cost  of  Rooms:  Rents  Paid  by  Women  of  Different  Ages 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association,  Central  Branch. 

Cost  of  Rooms:  Rents  Paid  by  Women  of  Different  Ages 
Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association. 

Cost  of  Rooms:  Rents  Paid  by  Women  of  Different  Ages 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association,  Colored  Branch. 

Earnings:  Salaries  of  Women  of  Different  Ages,  Young 
Women's  Hebrew  Association. 

Nationality. 

Church  Affiliations. 

Comparison  of  Rents  Paid  in  January,  February  and 
March,  1920,  with  Rents  Paid  in  same  months  in  1921, 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association,  Central  Branch. 

Comparison  of  Rents  Paid  in  January,  February  and 
March,  1920,  with  Rents  Paid  in  same  months  in  1921, 
Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association.1 

Comparison  of  Rents  Paid  in  January,  February  J"and 
March,  1921,  with  Rents  Paid  in  same  Months  in  1921, 
Young  Women's  Christian  Association,  Colored  Branch. 


[82] 


TABLE  R.  R.  1 

ROOMING  ACCOMMODATIONS 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  KINDS  OF  ROOMING  ACCOMMODATIONS 

Rooms  Registry 


ROOMING 
ACCOMMODATIONS 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
'CENTRAL  BRANCH 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
HEBREW   ASS'N 

YOUNG^WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIANMSS'N 

COLOREDjBRANCH 

Not  Given  
Room  Only  

313 

7,022—98% 

2 

576  —  49% 

386—100% 

Room  and  Board  .  .  . 

165—  2% 

596—51% 

...  H 

TOTAL  

7,500 

*  1,174 

386 

TABLE  R.  R.  2 
ROOMING  ACCOMMODATIONS 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  PERMANENT  AND  TRANSIENT  ROOMING 
ACCOMMODATIONS 
Rooms  Registry 


ROOMING 
ACCOMMODATIONS 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
CENTRAL  BRANCH 

YOUNG"  WOMEN  's 
HEBREW  ASS'N 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
COLORED  BRANCH 

Not  Given  

25 

2 

Permanent 

4  517  —  62% 

1  163  —  99% 

199  —  52% 

Transient  

2,95&—  38% 

9—1% 

187—48% 

TOTAL  

7,500 

1,174 

386 

[88] 


TABLE  R.  R.  3 
COST  OP  ROOMS 

COMPARISON    OF    BENTS    PAID    FOR    PERMANENT    AND    TRANSIENT 
ACCOMMODATIONS 

Rooms  Registry* 


RENT  PER  WEEK 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 

CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
CENTRAL  BRANCH 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
COLORED  BRANCH 

Permanent 

Transient 

Permanent 

Transient 

Not  Given.  . 

186 

155 

"4 
27 
20 
132 
71 
1,246 
608 
27 
408 
2 
93 

iso 

7 
1 
4 
1 

"i 
"i 

"i 

15 
64 
54 
36 
17 
2 
8 
1 
1 

"5 
37 
54 
50 
26 
10 

"5 

$1.00-1.99 

2.00-2  99 

6 
62 
139 
521 
632 
910 
873 
238 
585 

3  00- 

4.00- 

5  00- 

«.00- 

7  00- 

8  00- 

9  00- 

10  00- 

11  00-                        . 

12  00- 

161 
3 
56 
81 
23 
3 
13 

13.00- 

14  00-           .         ... 

15  00-                        .      . 

16  00- 

17  00-           .               .... 

18  00- 

19  00-                    

20  00-         .               .    . 

13 
5 

21  00-          .         .       . 

22  00-                        

25  00-                        ... 

5 

1 

26  00-                            

28  00-                         

30  00-                          .      . 

1 

31  00-                          

TOTALS           

4,517 

2,958 

199 

187 

Lowest                 

$  2.00 
30.00 
7.00 
7.46 

$  2.00 
31.00 
7.00 
7.80 

$  3.00 
12.00 
5.00 
6.25 

$  3.00 
10.00 
5.00 
5.76 

Highest                

Mode                  

Average            

*The  Young  Women's  Hebrew  Association  is  not  included  in  the  tabulation 
since  only  9  transient  rooms  were  rented. 


[84] 


TABLE  R.  R.  4 

COST  OP  ROOMS 
COMPARISON  OF  AMOUNTS  PAID  FOR  ROOMS  ONLY  IN  THE  DIFFERENT 

REGISTRIES* 
Rooms  Registry 


RENT  PER  WEEK 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
CENTRAL  BRANCH 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
HEBREW  ASS'N 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
COLORBD  BRANCH 

Not  Given  

292 

11 

$1.00-1.99  

1 

2  00- 

9 

76 

3  00- 

87 

160 

8 

4  00-             .      . 

151 

130 

62 

5.0O- 

629 

133 

118 

6.00- 

667 

34 

104 

7.00- 

2,055 

9 

62 

8.00-         

1,387 

7 

27 

9  00- 

245 

2 

10  00- 

937 

10 

13 

11  00- 

2 

1 

12.00- 

234 

3 

1 

13.00- 

3 

14.00- 

189 

15.00- 

77 

16  00- 

19 

1 

17  00- 

5 

18  OO- 

12 

19.00- 

20.00- 

11 

1 

21.00- 

5 

25.00-         

4 

26  00- 

1 

31.00-         

1 

... 

TOTALS  

7,022 

576 

386 

Lowest  

$2  00 

$1  50 

$3  00 

Highest  

31  00 

20  00 

12.00 

Mode  

7  00 

3  00 

5.00 

Average  

7  85 

4  09 

5.86 

*Both  transient  and  permanent  rooms  are  included  in  this  tabulation,  because 
of  the  small  differences  between  their  respective  costs,  as  shown  in  Table  R.  R.  3. 


[85] 


TABLE  R.  R.  5 

OCCUPATIONS.    DETAILED  LIST  OF  OCCUPATIONS 
Rooms  Registry 


OCCUPATIONS 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
CENTRAL  BRANCH 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
HEBREW 
ASSOCIATION 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
COLORED  BRANCH 

1.    Not  given  

9 

25 

1 

2.    Artists  

302 

12 

3.    Accountants  

35 

3 

4.    Bookkeepers  and 
cashiers  

169 

63 

2 

5*     Business  women.  .  . 
6'    Comptometer 
operators  

239 
19 

38 
3 

8 

7.    Clerical  

643 

94 

6 

8.    Day  workers  
9.    Domestics  — 
High  Grade  

863 

19 

8 
83 

10.     Domestics  — 
Medium  Grade  .  . 
11.    Domestics  — 
Low  Grade  

141 
251 

20 
26 

12.     Dressmakers  and 
corsetiers 

294 

114 

38 

13.    Factory  hands  .... 
14.    Filing  clerks 

80 
123 

25 
17 

6 

15.    General  workers.  .  . 
16.    Hair  workers  and 
manicurists  
17.    Instructors  of 
music 

65 
94 

7 
17 

4 
6 
4 

18.    Librarians  and 
editors  
19.     Machine  operators 
20.    Nurses  and 
masseuses 

117 
70 

927 

12 
43 

39 

1 
6 

26 

21.    Office  and  depart- 
ment managers  .  . 
22.    Practitioners.  . 

23 

46 

5 
9 

23.    Professionals  — 
architects  and 
lawyers  

38 

3 

1 

24.    Religious  and  Y. 
W.  C.  A.  workers 
25.    Saleswomen  
26.    Secretaries  and 
executives  

19 

277 

439 

1 

185 

21 

3 
5 

5 

27.    Sewing  women, 
plain  and  fancy.  . 
28.    Social  workers  .... 
29.    Stenographers  and 
telegraphers  
30.    Teachers  

365 
108 

669 
474 

154 
11 

157 
39 

35 

8 

3 

56 

31.    Telephone  and 
cash  girls  
32.    Typists  and  dic- 
tophone  girls.  .  .  . 
33.    Ushers     

231 

88 
18 

19 

34 
2 

3 
1 

34.    Waitresses  

264 

3 

21 

TOTAL.  . 

7.500            ' 

1,174 

386 

TABLE  R.  R.  6 
OCCUPATIONS 

OCCUPATIONS  GROUPED  BY  KIND  OF  WORK 

Rooms  Registry 


OCCUPATIONAL 
GROUP 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
CENTRAL  BRANCH 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
»  HEBREW 
ASSOCIATION 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
COLORED  BRANCH 

Not  given  
Professional.  .  . 

9— 
2,106  —  28% 

25— 
104  —  9% 

1— 
96  —  25% 

Office  work 

2  416  —  32% 

411  —  36% 

19  —  5% 

Saleswomen  

277—4% 

185  —  16% 

5—1% 

Manual  occupations. 
Domestic    and   per- 
sonal service  
All  others  

809—11% 

1,584—21% 
299  —  4% 

336—29% 

68—6% 
45  —  4% 

85—23% 

168—44% 
12—2% 

TOTAL  

7,500 

1,174 

386 

Total  given 

.  7  491  —  100% 

1  149  —  100% 

385  —  100% 

[87] 


TABLE  E.  B.  7  (a) 

COST  OF  ROOMS 
RENTS  PAID  WEEKLY  FOR  ROOMS  ONLY  BY  WOMEN  CLASSIFIED 

ACCORDING  TO  OCCUPATIONAL  GROUPS 

Young  Women's  Christian  Ass'n 
Central  Branch 


RENT  PER  WEEK 

PROFESSIONAL 

OFFICE 
WORKERS 

SALESWOMEN 

MANUAL 
OCCUPATIONS 

DOMESTICS  AND  1 
PERSONAL 
SERVICE 

ALL  OTHERS 

NOT  GIVEN 

I 

Not  Given 

81 

89 

4 

32 

74 

10 

o 

000 

$2.00-2.99  

2 

1 

1 

5 

9 

3  00 

14 

18 

3 

22 

26 

4 

87 

4  00 

24 

46 

7 

34 

31 

.  .  . 

I'll 

5  00 

128 

178 

23 

104 

171 

25 

»  •  • 

«oq 

6  00 

171 

272 

23 

84 

92 

23 

2 

fifi7 

7  00 

554 

575 

65 

221 

587 

4Q 

4 

2  0^ 

8  00 

422 

490 

56 

123 

235 

60 

1 

t  387 

9  00 

83 

88 

10 

22 

33 

9 

24^ 

10  00 

299 

303 

46 

67 

175 

47 

OQ7 

11.00 

1 

1 

•  • 

2 

12  00 

79 

86 

13 

20 

29 

7 

0^4 

13  00 

2 

1 

3 

14  00 

78 

47 

5 

11 

37 

11 

189 

15  00 

26 

31 

4 

3 

2 

6 

77 

16  00 

12 

5 

1 

1 

.  * 

19 

17.00 

3 

2 

5 

18  00 

5 

6 

1 

12 

19.00 

20  00 

1 

7 

1 

2 

11 

21  00-21  99 

1 

3 

1 

5 

25.00 

1 

3 

4 

26.00-26.99  

1 

1 

31.00    

1 

1 

TOTAL 

1,987 

2,250 

259 

752 

1  503 

262 

9 

7022 

Lowest  

$2.00 

$2  00 

$3  00 

$2  00 

$2  00 

$3  00 

$2  00 

Highest  . 

25  00 

26  00 

15  00 

21  00 

31  00 

18  00 

31  00 

Mode  

7.00 

7  00 

7  00 

7  00 

7  00 

8  00 

7  00 

Average  

8  22 

7.95 

7  96 

7  22 

7  47 

8  12 

6  86 

7  85 

Since  most  of  the  cases  in  every  step  fall  at  the  even  dollar  point,  this  point  is 
taken  as  the  most  probable  value  of  the  lowest,  highest,  etc.,  case  falling  within 
tEe  step. 


[88] 


TABLE  R.  R.  7  (b) 
COST  OF  ROOMS 

RENTS  PAID  WEEKLY  FOR  ROOMS  ONLY  ACCORDING  TO  OCCUPATIONAL 

GROUPS 

Young  Women's  Hebrew  Ass'n 


RENT  PER  WEEK 

PROFESSIONAL 

OFFICE 
WORKERS 

SALESWOMEN 

MANUAL 
OCCUPATIONS 

DOMESTICS  AND 
PERSONAL 
SERVICE 

ALL  OTHERS 

O 

§ 
fc 

1 

Not  Given          

1 

3 

1 

4 

2 

11 

$1  00-1  99  

1 

1 

2  00          

3 

22 

9 

31 

6 

5 

76 

3  00 

14 

41 

32 

52 

7 

11 

3 

160 

4  00 

20 

39 

28 

32 

5 

5 

1 

130 

5  00 

28 

56 

20 

22 

2 

5 

133 

6.00          
7  00            

16 

4 

14 
3 

1 
1 

3 
1 

... 

34 
9 

8  00           

2 

2 

1 

2 

7 

9  00          

10  00          

4 

3 

1 

2 

10 

11  00 

12  00 

1 

1 

1 

3 

13  00                    

14  00                

16  00          

1 

1 

20  00 

1 

1 

TOTALS 

94 

184 

95 

151 

20 

26 

6 

576 

Lowest          

$1.50 

$2.00 

$2.00 

$2.00 

$2.00 

$2.00 

$1.50 

Highest  

12.00 

12.00 

20.00 

16.00 

5.00 

5.00 

20.00 

Mode     

5.00 

5.00 

3.00 

3.00 

3.00 

3.00 

3.00 

Average  

4.96 

4.27 

4.01 

3.71 

3.15 

3.38 

3.25 

4.09 

Since  most  of  the  cases  in  every  step  fall  at  the  even  dollar  point,  this  point  is 
taken  as  the  most  probable  value  of  the  lowest,  highest,  etc.,  case  falling  within 
the  step. 


[89] 


TABLE  E.  B.  7  (c) 
COST  OP  ROOMS 

BENTS    PAID    WEEKLY    FOR    ROOMS   ONLY    BY    WOMEN 
ACCORDING  TO  OCCUPATIONAL  GROUPS 

Young  Women's  Christian  Ass'n 
Colored  Branch 


CLASSIFIED 


4 

' 

1 

a 
£ 

a 

RENT 

O 

B 

Q 

^ 

O  fe  S 

• 

§ 

PER 

WEEK 

CO 

a  « 
o  o 

o 

2  B 

111 

0 

1 

. 

1 

r 

02 

5o 
S 

Jg   W    £5 

a 

§ 
fc 

i 

$3.00-3.99 

1 

i 

4 

6 

4.00- 

16 

i 

8 

26 

i 

52 

5.00 

29 

5 

2 

11 

69 

2 

118 

6.00 

28 

5 

3 

24 

39 

4 

"i 

104 

7.00- 

16 

4 

24 

17 

1 

62 

8.00- 

2 

3 

13 

7 

2 

27 

9.00- 

1 

1 

2 

10.00 

3 

1 

"3 

4 

"2 

13 

11.00 

. 

1 

1 

12.00 

"i 

1 

TOTALS 

96 

19 

5 

85 

168 

12 

i 

386 

Lowest  

$3.00 

$4.00 

$5.00 

$3.00 

$3.00 

$3.00 

Highest  

10.00 

10.00 

6.00 

12.00 

11.00 

12.00 

Mode  

5.00 

5.00  &  6.00 

5.00  &  7.00 

5.00 

Average  

5.70 

6.37 

5.60 

6.45 

5^54 

6^5 

5.86 

Since  most,  of  the  cases  in  every  step  fall  at  the  even  dollar  point,  this  point  is 
taken  as  the  most  probable  value  of  the  lowest,  highest,  etc.,  case  falling  within 
the  step. 


[90] 


TABLE  R.  R.  8  (a) 

EARNINGS 
SALABY  RECEIVED  WEEKLY  BY  WOMEN  CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING  TO 

OCCUPATIONAL  GROUPS 

(Note:     This  table  includes  women  who  rent  rooms  only) 
Young  Women's  Hebrew  Ass'n 


WEEKLY  SALARY 

PROFESSIONAL 

OFFICE 
WORKERS 

SALESWOMEN 

MANUAL 
OCCUPATIONS 

DOMESTIC  AND 
PERSONAL 
SERVICE 

ALL  OTHERS 

NOT  GIVEN 

1 

Not  given    

57 

35 

26 

1 

34 

13 

9 

2 

176 
1 

$2  00-3  99  

4.00-         

6.00-        

1 

"i 
1 
1 

14 

5 

7 

1 

"4 

"2 
2 
3 
3 
2 
2 
2 
1 

"i 
"i 

"2 

1 
1 
6 
22 
58 
25 
41 
72 
21 
77 
7 
7 
29 
2 
21 
1 

8  00- 

1 
3 

5 
20 
4 

*28 

7 
19 
2 
1 

8 

10  00- 

2 
6 
20 
10 
18 
24 

39 
3 
2 
12 
1 
4 

"5 
12 
6 
10 
13 
4 
11 

i 

6 

12  00- 

14  00-           

2 
1 
4 
3 
1 
6 
1 
3 
3 
1 
7 
1 

16  00- 

18.00-         

20.00-         

22  00- 

24.00-        
26  00-         

28  00-         

30  00- 

32.00- 

34.00- 

10 

3 

36.00-         

38  00- 

40  00- 

1 

1 

... 

... 

2 

2 

42  00- 

2 

44.00- 

48.00- 

2 

2 
1 
1 

60.00- 

1 
1 

... 

60.00-         

TOTAL  
Lowest  . 

94 

$14.00 
48-50 
25.00 

28.78 

184 

$10.00 
40-42 
25.00 
21.99 

95 

$12.00 
30-32 
21.00 
20.22 

151 

$10.00 
60-62 
21.00 

20 

$6.00 
16-18 
17.00 

26 

6 

576 

$2.00 
60-62 
25.00 
22.18 

Highest.  . 

Mode  
Average  

[91] 


TABLE  R.  R.  8  (b) 
EARNINGS 

SALABY  RECEIVED  WEEKLY  BY  WOMEN  CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING  TO 
OCCUPATIONAL  GROUPS 

Young  Women's  Christian  Ass'n 
Colored  Branch 


WEEKLY  SALARY 

PROFESSIONAL 

OFFICE 
WORKERS 

SALESWOMEN 

MANUAL 
OCCUPATIONS 

DOMESTICS  AND 
PERSONAL 
SERVICE 

ALL  OTHERS 

0 

1 

1 

Not  Given  

75 

12 

5 

49 

103 

7 

1 

252 

$4.00-5.99  

1 

1 

6.00- 

3 

4 

7 

8.00- 

1 

2 

3 

10.00- 

8 

1 

3 

10 

1 

23 

12.00- 

4 

1 

1 

15 

21 

14.00- 

3 

2 

9 

16 

1 

31 

16.00-        
18.00- 

2 

i 

... 

3 
4 

6 

8 

i 

... 

11 
14 

20.00- 

5 

1 

i 

7 

22.00- 

2 

2 

24.00- 

2 

6 

2 

10 

26.00-27.99  

i 

1 

30.00-31.99  

2 

2 

34.00-35.99  

1 

1 

" 

TOTAL 

96 

19 

5 

85 

168 

12 

1 

,  ^ 
386 

Lowest. 

$6  00 

$10  00 

$10  00 

$4  00 

$4  00 

Highest  . 

16-18 

24-26 

34-36 

30-32 

34-36 

Mode     .    . 

11  00 

15  00 

15  00 

15  00 

Average 

11  86 

17  57 

19  61 

14  17 

15  61 

[92] 


TABLE  R.  R.  9 
COST  OF  ROOMS 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  SALARIES  RECEIVED  WEEKLY  BY  WOMEN  GROUPED 

ACCORDING  TO  AMOUNT  OF  RENT  PAID  WEEKLY  FOR  ROOMS  ONLY 

Young  Women's  Hebrew  Ass'n* 


WEEKLY  EARNINGS 

s 

i 

§ 

i 

<N 

8 

eo 

8 

8 
*o 

8 

cd 

§ 

i 

t^ 

8 

00 

8 

d 

i-H 

i 

d 

T—  ( 

8 

<N 

r-t 

i 

£2 

8 

CO 

i-H 

i 

CO 
1-H 

8 
S 

3 

1 

I 

Not  Given 

i 

?? 

34 

44 

47 

14 

5 

2 

5 

1 

] 

176 

$2.00-3.99  

1 

1 

4  00- 

6  00- 

1 

1 

8.00- 

1 

1 

10.00- 

1 

4 

6 

12.00-         

9 

8 

3 

1 

i 

?,?, 

14.00-         

6 

27 

15 

4 

1 

i 

4 

58 

16.00-         

6 

10 

8 

3 

1 

2 

?5 

18  00- 

6 

1? 

9 

9 

1 

1 

1 

2 

41 

20.00- 

11 

?5 

19 

11 

? 

1 

2 

1 

7? 

22  00- 

5 

10 

6 

?1 

24.00-         

9 

19 

15 

21 

5 

1 

1 

2 

1 

3 

77 

26.00- 

3 

? 

2 

7 

28.00-         

1 

1 

4 

1 

7 

30.00-         

2 

7 

6 

9 

4 

1 

?9 

32.00-         

? 

2 

34.00-         

a 

3 

10 

5 

21 

36.00- 

1 

1 

40.00- 

?, 

? 

42.00- 

1 

1 

2 

48.00- 

1 

1 

2 

50.00-         

1 

1 

60.00-         

1 

1 

TOTAL. 

i 

76 

160 

130 

133 

34 

9 

7 

10 

3 

1 

1 

11 

576 

*Salaries  were  not  included  in  the  Young  Women's  Christian  Ass'n,  Central 
Branch  Records,  and  there  were  too  few  cases  in  the  Colored  Branch  to  make  such 
a,  table  valuable. 


[93] 


TABLE  R.  R.  10 

COST  OF  ROOMS 

DISTRIBUTION  OP  SALARIES  RECEIVED  WEEKLY  BY  WOMEN  GROUPED 

ACCORDING  TO  AMOUNT  OP  RENT  PAID  WEEKLY  FOR  ROOM  ONLY 
(Note:     In  this  table  the  rents  are  grouped  by  $5.00  intervals  and  "Not 
Given"  cases  are  omitted.) 

Young  Women's  Hebrew  Ass'n 


WEEKLY  EARNINGS 

RENTS  PER  WEEK,  BY  $5  .  00  GROUPS 

$1.00-4.99 

$5.00-9.99 

$10.00-19.99 

$2.00-3.99.  . 

1 

"i 
i 

5 
20 
48 
19 
27 
55 
15 
43 
5 
2 
15 

"e 

"2 
1 

i 

5 
6 
11 
14 
6 
28 
2 
5 
14 
2 
15 
1 

i 

2 
1 
1 

i 
i 

3 
3 

4.00- 

6.00-         

8.00- 

10.00-           

12.00-         

14.00- 

16.00-         

18.  OO- 

20  00-         

22.00- 

24  00-         

26  00-           .  .                 .... 

28  00-                     

30  00-         

32  00-         

34  00-             

36  00- 

40  00- 

42  00- 

48  00- 

50  00- 

60  00-                      .       ... 

TOTAL  

266 

$2.00 
42.00-44.00 
21.00 
20.52 

115 

$12.00 
60.00-62.00 
24.00 
26.48 

8 
2i.50 

Lowest                         .  .    . 

Highest 

Mode  

Average   . 

[94] 


TABLE  R.  R.  11 
AGES 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  AGES  BY  FIVE-YEAB  INTERVALS 

Rooms  Registry 


AGES 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
CENTRAL  BRANCH 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
HEBREW  ASS'N 

YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
COLORED  BRANCH 

NotGi 
15-19] 
20-24 
25-29 
30-     ' 
35- 
40- 
45- 
50- 
55- 
60- 
65- 
70- 

ven  

331 

4,204 

2,965 

33 
195 
506 
254 
74 
36 
40 
16 
11 
5 
3 
1 

167 
18 
74 
51 
33 
22 
11 
6 
1 
1 
1 
1 



Tc 

Under 
Over3 

)TAL.    . 

7,500 

4,204-59% 
2,965-41% 

1,174 

999-88% 
142-12% 

386 

160-73% 
59-27% 

30 

3. 

[06] 


TABLE  B.  R.  12  (a) 

COST  OP  ROOMS 

RENTS  PAID  FOR  ROOMS  ONLY  BY  WOMEN  CLASSIFIED  IN  AGE  GROUPS 

Young  Women's  Christian  Ass'n 

Central  Branch 


RTCNT  PFR  \VFFK 

Ac 

IBS 

•-. 
Under  30 

Over  30 

Not  Given 

Total 

Not  Given  

164 

119 

g 

292 

$1  00-1.99 

2  00-        

4 

5 

0 

3  00-        

36 

47 

4 

87 

4  00-          

69 

74 

8 

151 

5  00-        

360 

238 

31 

629 

6  00-          

404 

230 

33 

667 

7.00-          

1,122 

827 

106 

2055 

8  00-                  

825 

514 

48 

1  387 

9  00-          

129 

109 

7 

245 

10  00-        

504 

394 

39 

937 

11  00-          

2 

2 

12  00-            

130 

90 

14 

234 

13  00-          

1 

2 

3 

14.00-          

97 

79 

13 

189 

15  00-            

47 

28 

2 

77 

16  00-        

13 

4 

2 

19 

17.00-               

2 

2 

1 

5 

18.00-            

5 

6 

1 

12 

19  00-          

20  00-                    

8 

3 

11 

21  00- 

4 

1 

5 

25  00-                  

2 

2 

4 

26.00- 

1 

1 

31  00-        .           

1 

1 

TOTAL 

3,928 

2,776 

318 

7022 

Lowest  

$2  00 

$2  00 

$2  00 

Highest.  . 

31.00 

25  00 

31  00 

Mode  

7.00 

7  00 

7  00 

Average  

7.86 

7  84 

7  85 

[96] 


TABLE  R.  R.  12  (b) 
COST  OF  ROOMS 

BENTS  PAID   FOB  BOOMS  ONLY  BY  WOMEN   CLASSIFIED  IN    AGE   GBOUPS 

Young  Women's  Hebrew  Ass'n 


RENTS  PER 
WEEK 

AGES 

I 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

10-44 

i5-49 

50 

-54 

55 

-59 

50-64 

65 
-69 

Not 
Given 

Not  Given  .  . 
$1.00-1.99 
2.00- 
3.00- 
4.00- 
5.00- 
6.00- 
7.00- 
8.00- 
9.00- 
10.00- 
12.00- 
16.00- 
20.00- 

1 

'io 

18 
15 

7 

i 

7 
1 
31 
69 
50 
42 
12 
3 
3 

2 

1 

11 
1 

76 
160 
130 
133 
34 
9 
7 

18 
34 
34 

42 
11 

£ 

6 
18 
£ 
12 

6 

£ 
4 
4 
6 
3 

3 
6 

12 

p 
«- 

1 

1 

P 
fj 

1 

p 
t^ 

"i 
3 

1 
1 

1 
1 

"2 

1 

"3 
4 
9 
1 

1 

1 

1 

... 

2 

i 

2 

1 

3 

2 
1 

1 

... 

... 

3 

1 

10 
3 
1 
1 

TOTAL 
Lowest  

53 

$2.00 
10.00 
3.00 
3.60 

221 

$1.00 
12.00 
3.00 
3.87 

153 

$2.00 
20.00 
5.00 
4.4; 

48 

$2.00 
8.00 
3.00 
3.96 

22 

$2.00 
6.00 
5.00 
3.91 

32 

$2.00 
10.00 
4.00 
4.66 

12 

$2.00 
5.00 

3.'83 

8 

4 

3 

1 

19 

576 

n.oo 

20.00 
3.00 
4.09 

Highest  
Mode 
Average  .... 

... 

$4;  06 

... 

... 

[97] 


TABLE  R.  R.  12  (c) 

COST  OF  ROOMS 

BENTS  PAID  FOB  ROOMS  ONLY  BY  WOMEN  CLASSIFIED  IN  AGE  GBOTJP6 

Young  Women's  Christian  Ass'n 

Colored  Branch 


RENTS  PER  WEEK 

AGES 

i 

15-19 

20-24 

25-29 

30-34 

35-39 

40-44 

45 
-49 

50 

-54 

55-59 

60 
-64 

65 
-69 

70 

-74 

Not 
given 

S3  00-3  99 

1 
5 
5 
4 
2 
1 

4 
15 
14 
18 
14 
5 
1 
2 
1 

"s 

13 
15 
9 
3 

"3 

7 
9 
5 
6 

1 

4 
4 
2 

7 
1 

6 
52 
118 
104 
62 
27 
2 
13 
2 

4  00 

1 
1 

4 
5 

2 
3 

1 

13 

70 
52 
20 
8 
1 
3 

5  00 

1 

6  00 

7  00 

8  00 

1 

1 

1 

9  00 

10  00 

3 

3 

2 

1 

12  00 

TOTAL  

Lowest  
Highest  
Mode  

18 

$3.00 
8.00 

5.22 

74 

$4.00 
12.00 
6.00 
5.80 

51 

$4.00 
10.00 
6.00 
5.96 

33 

$4.00 
10.00 
6.00 
6.48 

22 

$3.00 
12.00 
7.00 
5.36 

11 

$4.00 
7.00 
7.00 
6.13 

6 

1 

1 

1 

... 

1 

167 

386 

$3.00 
12.  00 
5.00 
5.86 

1 

... 

5^60 

... 

... 

::: 

[98] 


TABLE  R.  R.  13 

EARNINGS 

DISTRIBUTION  OF  SALARIES  RECEIVED  WEEKLY  BY  WOMEN  CLASSIFIED  IN 
GROUPS  ACCORDING  TO  AGE 

(Note:     This  tabulation  includes  women  renting  rooms  only) 
Young  Women's  Hebrew  Ass'n 


WEEKLY 
EARNINGS 

AGES 

I 

5-19 

0-24 

5-29 

0-34 

5-39 

0-44 

45 

-49 

0-54 

55 
59 

0-64 

65 
-69 

Not 
given 

Not  Given  .  . 
$2.00-3.99 
6.00- 
8.00- 
10.00- 
12.00- 
14.00- 
16.00- 
18.00- 
20.00- 
22.00- 
24.00- 
26.00- 
28.00- 
30.00- 
32.00- 
34.00- 
36.00-37.99 
40.00- 
42.00-43.99 
48.00- 
50.00-51.99 
60.00- 

12 

'  i 

3 

10 

7 
4 
9 

60 

"3 
9 
22 
11 
17 
35 
9 
31 

cy 

L 

\ 

6 

42 
1 

"i 

i 

3 
11 
1 

12 
15 

7 
28 

9 

16 

12 

12 

5 

4 

2 

2 

1 

8 

176 
1 
1 
1 

6 
22 
58 
25 
41 
72 
21 
77 
7 
7 
29 
2 
21 
1 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 

576 

$ 
2.00 
60-62 
25.00 
22.26 

1 

•• 

'o 

"2 
7 
1 
1 
8 
1 

] 

"2 
1 
2 
1 

"i 
i 

*  i 

1 
2 
2 

"i 
2 

1 

'i 
i 
i 
i 
i 

*i 

i 

1 

1 

1 

•• 

1 

... 

2 

•• 

i 

— 

1 

TOTAL. 
Lowest  .... 

5 

$ 

10  or 

22 
10  0 

15 

$ 
?,  0 

4 

$ 
12.0 

22 

3 

8 

3 

$ 
6.0C 

Highest.  .  .  . 
Mode 

24-2 
15.0 
18.3 

60-6 
21.0 
22.0 

42-4 
25.0 
23.9 

34-3 
21.0 
22.1 

49.  OC 
19.  OC 

21  72 

Average  .  .  . 

[99] 


TABLE  R.  R.  14 

NATIONALITY 

NATIONALITIES  REPRESENTED  AMONG  WOMEN  RENTING  ROOMS 

THROUGH  THE  YOUNG  WOMEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSJN 

Rooms  Registry 


NATIONALITY 


Not  Given 

American 

Armenian 

Australian 

Austrian 

Belgian 

Bohemian 

Canadian 

Cuban 

Czecho-Slavic. . . 

Danish 

Dutch 

English 

Finnish 

French 

German 

Italian 

Irish 

Jewish 

Hungarian 

Lithuanian 

Mexican 

Newfoundland. . 

Norwegian 

Polish 

Porto  Rican 

Russian 

Scotch 

Servian 

Spanish 

Swedish 

Swiss 

South  American. 
Welch 

TOTAL.. 


YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
CENTRAL  BRANCH 


160 

5,078 

4 

12 

40 

13 

7 

232 

2 

11 

50 

16 

421 

13 

215 

126 

34 

392 

50 

21 

2 

3 

1 

59 

37 

9 

40 

157 

8 

15 

198 

66 

3 

5 

7,500 


YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
COLORED  BRANCH 


2 

368 


386 


[100J 


TABLE  R.  R.  15 
CHUBCH  AFFILIATIONS 

CHURCH  AFFILIATIONS  OF  WOMEN  RENTING  BpT>iS  VHROD9H  THE 
YOUNG  WOMEN'S  CHRISTIAN  ASSOCIATION 

Rooms  Registry 


CHURCH  AFFILIATIONS 


YOUNG  WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
CENTRAL  BRANCH 


YOUNG' WOMEN'S 
CHRISTIAN  ASS'N 
COLORED  BRANCH 


Not  Given 

Baptist 

Catholic,  Roman 

Christian  Scientist 

Congregational 

Dutch  Reformed 

Episcopalian 

Jewish 

Lutheran 

Methodist 

Presbyterian 

Protestant — unspecified.  . 

Quaker 

Unitarian 

Universaiist 

All  others 

No  church 

TOTALS.  . 


112 

319 

1,951 

196 

268 

74 

1,195 

119 

460 

567 

814 

860 

6 

53 

20 

41 

445 


22 

"7 

2 

45 

"2 
85 
16 
13 


105 


7,500 


386 


[101] 


TABLE  R.  R.  16  (a) 

COST  OF  ROOMS 

COMPAKI80N  OF  BENTS  PAID  FOR  ROOMS  IN  JANUARY,  FEBRUARY  AND 
MARCH,  1920,  WITH  RENTS  PAID  DURING  THE  SAME  MONTHS 

IN  1921 

Young  Women's  Christian  Ass'n 
Central  Branch 


ilKNT  PER  WEEK 

JANUARY 

FEBRUARY 

MARCH 

1920 

1921 

1920 

1921 

1920 

1921 

Not  Given 

25 
2 
7 
22 
82 
57 
137 
81 
11 
58 

23 

'  3 
7 
28 
38 
73 
113 
18 
62 

'is 
*ii 

2 

'i 
"i 

9 
1 
10 
20 
69 
63 
111 
46 
10 
49 

'i4 
'io 

6 
4 
1 

"2 
2 

2 

46 

"2 
4 
19 
20 
90 
64 
16 
42 

'is 

1 
5 
5 
1 

i 

13 
1 
15 
15 
80 
57 
133 
60 
13 
63 

'ie 
"9 

5 
4 
1 
1 

i 
i 

5 
1 
3 

7 
27 
23 
67 
48 
3 
37 

'29 

"2 

7 
2 

"i 

"i 
i 

$2.00-2.99  
3  00- 

4.00-         
5.00-         
6.00-         
7.00-         
8.00-         
9.00-         
10.00-         
11  00- 

12.00- 
13.00-         
14.00-         
15  00- 

22 
1 
10 
10 
1 

16.00-        
17  00- 

18.00- 
19  00- 

3 

20.00-         
21.00-21.99  
25.00-          
26.00-26.99  

2 

"i 

1 

TOTAL 

533 

$2.00 
26.00 
7.00 
7.64 

401 

$3.00 
25.00 
8.00 
8.17 

429 

$2.00 
25.00 
7.00 
7.55 

329 

$3.00 
18.00 
7.00 
8.10 

488 

$2.00 
21.00 
7.00 
7.46 

264 

$2.00 
21.00 
7.00 
*  8.24 

Lowest.  ... 

Highest  

Mode  
Average  

[102] 


TABLE  R.  R.  16  (b) 
COST  OF  ROOMS 

COMPARISON  OF  RENTS  PAID  FOR  ROOMS  IN  JANUARY,  FEBRUARY  AND 
MARCH,    1920,    WITH    RENTS    PAID    DURING    THE    SAME    MONTHS 

IN    1921 

Young  Women's  Hebrew  Ass'n 


RENT  PER  WEEK 

JANUARY 

FEBRUARY 

;  MARCH 

1920 

1921 

1920 

1921 

1920 

1921 

Not  Given    

1 
8 
13 
10 
11 

4 
6 
18 
12 
14 
5 
2 

"i 

"e 

10 
14 
5 

"2 

"7 
15 
5 
10 
4 
1 
2 

'  i 

"3 

10 
4 
7 
2 

"i 

i 

"2 
8 
11 
8 
3 
1 
1 

i 

$2.00-2.99  
3.00- 
4.00-        

5  00- 

6  00- 

7.00- 

8.00-         
9  00- 

10.00- 

1 

11  00- 

12  00-12  99 

16  00-16.99. 

20.00-20.99  

TOTAL  

44 

$2.00 
10.00 
3.00 
3.72 

62 

$2.00 
10.00 
3.00 
4.10 

37 

$2.00 
8.00 
4.00 
3.76 

45 

$2.00 
20.00 
3.00 
4.36 

28 

$2.00 
16.00 
3.00 
4.54 

35 

'  $2.00 
12.00 
4.00 
4.49 

Lowest  . 

Highest.  . 

Mode  

Average  

[103] 


TABLE  E.  B.  16  (c) 

COST  OP  ROOMS 

COMPARISON  OP  RENTS  PAID  FOR  ROOMS  IN  JANUARY,  FEBRUARY  AND 
MARCH,  1920,  WITH  RENTS  PAID  DURING  THE  SAME  MONTHS 

IN  1921 

Young  Women's  Christian  Ass'n 
Colored  Branch 


RENT  PER  WEEK 

JANUARY 

FEBRUARY 

MARCH 

1920 

1921 

1920 

1921 

1920 

1921 

$3.00-3.99. 

2 
3 
4 
1 

18 

"2 

"5 
1 
1 

3 
"2 

"i 

2 
1 

'  i 

5 
4 
4 
2 
1 

'2 
3 
2 
3 

4.00- 

5.00- 

5 
3 
4 
1 

6.00- 

7.00-        

8.00-        

10-00-10.99  

TOTAL  

13 

$5.00 
8.00 
5.00 
6.08 

30 

$3.00 
10.00 
7.00 
6.33 

7 

$5.00 
7.00 
5.00 
5.43 

9 

$3.00 
10.00 
3.00 
5.77 

17 

$4.00 
10.00 
5.00 
6.29 

10 

$4.00 
7.00 

5.*60 

Lowest 

Highest  . 

Mode 

Average 

m 

INDEX  OF  TABLES 

ORGANIZATION  GROUPS — i.  e.,  grouped  according  to  establishment  in 
which  work  is  done,  disregarding  kind  of  work;  includes  also  business  and  pro- 
fessional women. 

Table  Org.  1    Cost  of  Rooms — Rent  paid  weekly 

Table  Org.  2    Salaries  or  Wages  (except  business  and  professional  women. 
Table  Org.  3    Present  Housing. 
Table  Org.  4    Preferred  Housing 
Table  Org.  5    Dependents. 
Table  Org.  6    Dependents — detailed  list. 
Table  Org.  7    Location  of  Housing. 


[105) 


TABLE  ORG.  1 

COST  OP  ROOMS.    RENT  PAID  WEEKLY 
Organization  Groups 


RENT  PBB  WEEK 

BUSINESS 
AND  PROFES- 
SIONAL 

OFFICES 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Not  Given 

337 

1,968 

1233 

898 

4436 

Nothing 

46 

109 

38 

16 

209 

$1.00-1.  99  (taxes) 
2.00- 

5 

7 

3 

6 

4 

5 
20 

3.00-         
4  00- 

12 
19 

9 
12 

46 
51 

31 
33 

98 
115 

5.00- 

36 

67 

139 

55 

297 

6.00-          
7.00- 

54 
47 

57 
87 

117 
175 

52 
43 

280 
352 

8.00- 

55 

102 

208 

71 

436 

9.00-         
10.00-          
11.00- 
12.00-         
13.00-         
14.00- 

51 
94 
76 
72 
71 
47 

35 
215 
31 

78 
23 
25 

85 
351 
36 
146 
29 
40 

29 
103 
17 
47 
12 
13 

200 
763 
160 
343 
135 
125 

15.00- 
16.00-         
17.00- 
18.00- 

65 
34 
62 
36 

99 
12 
2 
15 

95 
19 
11 
21 

28 
6 

6 

287 
71 
75 

78 

19.00- 
20.00-         
21.00- 
22.00- 
23.00- 
24.00- 
25.00-         
26.00- 
27.00- 
28.00- 
29.00- 
30.00- 

38 
47 
4 
7 
32 
6 
28 
6 
3 
19 
2 
6 

1 
15 
3 
1 
1 
1 
3 

1 
10 

i 

"7 
2 

'  i 
i 

'ii 
i 

3 

i 
i 

40 
83 
8 
9 
33 
7 
41 
9 
3 
19 
3 
8 

31.00- 

1 

1 

32.00- 
33.00- 
34.00- 

i 

9 

i 

"2 
9 

35.00- 
36.00- 
37.00- 
38.00- 

'2 
4 

.  .  . 

i 

"2 
5 

39.00- 

40.00- 

1 

1 

Over42.00  

14* 

14 

TOTALS  

Lowest  
Highest  

1,456 

$1.50 
63.00 

2,975 

$2.00 
33.00 

2,870 

$2.00 
38.00 

1,481 

$2.00 
30.00 

8,782 

$1.50 
63.00 

Mode  

10.00 

10.00 

10.00 

10.00 

10.00 

Average  

13.50 

9.05 

9.09 

8.69 

10.12 

*See  Table  Oc.  6. 


[106] 


TABLE  ORG.  2 

EARNINGS 

WEEKLY  WAGES  AND  SALARIES 
Organization  Groups* 


WEEKLY  EARNINGS 

OFFICES 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Not  Given  

42 

781 

145 

968 

$4.00-5.99  

6 

6 

6.00-        

1 

29 

2 

32 

8  00- 

1 

12 

2 

15 

10  00-                  .    . 

13 

46 

72 

131 

12  00- 

266 

111 

206 

583 

14  00- 

288 

330 

292 

910 

16.00- 

339 

427 

196 

962 

18.00-        

460 

372 

147 

979 

20.00-        

441 

295 

139 

875 

22  00- 

390 

169 

49 

608 

24  00- 

274 

143 

83 

500 

26  00- 

164 

29 

21 

214 

28  00- 

60 

40 

24 

124 

30  00- 

113 

38 

61 

212 

32  00- 

32 

12 

7 

51 

34  00- 

36 

7 

15 

58 

36.00- 

13 

1 

3 

17 

38.00-        

5 

4 

3 

12 

40  00- 

15 

7 

10 

32 

42  00- 

7 

2 

9 

44  00- 

6 

2 

2 

10 

46.00- 

2 

2 

48.00- 

1 

1 

50.00-        

6 

2 

1 

9 

60.00-        

1 

1 

1 

3 

64.00-        

1 

1 

74.00-75.99  

2 

2 

TOTAL  .  .  . 

2975 

2870 

1,481 

7,326 

Lowest  

$6  00 

$4  00 

$6.00 

$4.00 

Highest  

75  00 

65  00 

61.00 

75.00 

Mode  

19.00 

16.00 

15.00 

19.00 

Average.  . 

21  10 

19  15 

18  62 

19.94 

*Salaries  of  Business  and  Professional  Women  were  tabulated  on  an  annual 
basis.    (See  Table  P.  B.  3). 


[107] 


TABLE  ORG.  3 

PRESENT  HOUSING 

Organization  Groups 


PRESENT 
HOUSING 

BUSINESS 
AND  PROFES- 
SIONAL 

OFFICES 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Not  Given  
Housekeeping 
Apt.  .  .  . 

41 

374  —  26<£ 

22 

QQO          1  1  O/ 

52 

cnn         r»i  rtt 

32 

OAO            Ofi'V 

147 

With  Family.  .  . 
Boarding  House 
Furnished  Room 
Organized  Home 

777-  55% 
93—    7% 
133*—    9% 
38—    3% 

2,428—  82% 
51—    2% 
111—    4% 
31—    1% 

1,731—  62% 
109—    4% 
348—  12% 
31-     1% 

<&yo  —  *»j  fa 
1,013—  70% 
42—    3% 
85—    6% 
16-     1% 

,598  —  19% 
5,949—  69% 
295—    3% 
677—    8% 
116—    1% 

TOTAL 

1  456 

2  Q75 

f)  070 

1  4.S1 

Q  7QO 

Given  

1  415  —  100% 

2  Q'tt    inncp 

•">    Q1Q  Ififl'V 

l,*tol 

t  AAQ  mn  of 

0,7&6 
o  coe       1/Vi07 

l,*^y  —  lUUyc 

0,000  —  100% 

19  Lived  in  hotels. 


TABLE  ORG.  4 

PREFERRED  HOUSING 

Organization  Groups* 


PREFERRED  HOUSING 

OFFICES 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Not  Given  

517 

550 

402 

1    4AQ 

Housekeeping  Apt.  . 

1,612  —  65% 

1  RCA  —  72% 

702      fi^^ 

4  000  fiRQ£ 

Boarding  House  

187  —    g% 

166  —    ioif 

QQ  C<V 

4.QA  OOf 

Furnished  Room  

19  —    1% 

30  —    o^ 

10         1^ 

67          1% 

Organized  Home  

640  —  26% 

430  —  19% 

284  2fi% 

u«           *  /o 
i  Qc;4  93% 

TOTAL  

2,975 

2870 

1  481 

7326 

Given  

2,458  —  100% 

2  320  —  100% 

1  070  —  1009J 

5  857  —  1003Z- 

*For  Business  and  Professional,  see  Table  B.  P.  5. 

[108] 


TABLE  ORG.  5 

DEPENDENTS 
Organization  Groups 


DEPENDENTS 

BUSINESS 
AND  PROFES- 
SIONAL 

OFFICES 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Not  Given. 

830 

1,564 

1,354 

681 

4,429 

Parents*     

366 

1.148 

988 

555 

3,057 

Own  Children*.  .  . 
Other  Persons  .... 

39 
221 

49 
214 

298 
230 

134 
111 

520 
776 

TOTAL 

1,456 

2,975 

2,870 

1,481 

8,782 

Percent  with 
Dependents.  .  .  . 

43% 

47% 

53% 

54% 

50% 

*Those  supporting  both  children  and  parents  are  counted  as  supporting 
children. 

Those  supporting  other  relatives  as  well  as  parents  are  counted  as  supporting 
parents. 


(109] 


TABLE  ORG.  6 
DEPENDENTS 

DETAILED    LIST 

Total,  Not  Including  Business  and  Professional 


DEPENDENTS 

OFFICES 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Not  Given  

1  564 

1  354 

681 

3  599 

Parents  

223 

262 

207 

692 

Parents  and  Sister 

1 

1 

4 

5 

Parents  and  Brother 

1 

1 

Parents  and  Husband        .  . 

1 

1 

Father  

34 

38 

24 

96 

Father  and  Sister 

4 

7 

1 

12 

Father  and  Brother            .    ... 

1 

2 

3 

Mother  

795 

627 

295 

1  717 

Mother  and  Sister 

63 

32 

15 

110 

Mother  and  Brother 

22 

16 

6 

44 

Mother  and  Grandparent 

2 

1 

3 

Mother  and  Grandparents 

1 

1 

2 

Mother  and  Aunt 

3 

1 

4 

Children 

37 

271 

125 

433 

Children  and  Husband 

1 

1 

Children  and  Parents 

1 

1 

Children  and  Father 

1 

1 

Children  and  Mother   . 

9 

24 

8 

41 

Children  and  Sister 

2 

2 

Children  and  Grandparents  
Sister 

2 
103 

iis 

49 

2 

267 

Sister  and  Brother 

22 

8 

7 

37 

Sister  and  Aunt 

1 

1 

Brother 

30 

23 

12 

65 

Grandparents 

10 

8 

3 

21 

Grandparents  and  Husband  
Grandparents  and  Aunt 

1 

i 

1 
1 

Grandparents  and  Sister  

1 

1 

Aunt.  .  . 

25 

20 

9 

54 

Aunt  and  Sister 

3 

3 

Husband              .    . 

19 

13 

32 

Others  

19 

36 

17 

72 

TOTAL  

2,975 

2,870 

1,481 

7,326 

[110] 


TABLE  ORG.  7 

LOCATION  OP  RESIDENCE 

Organization  Groups* 


LOCATION 

OFFICES 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Brooklyn      .         

712 

458 

171 

1  341 

Queens    

70 

40 

7 

117 

Bronx    

366 

254 

94 

714 

Staten  Island  

23 

25 

4 

52 

Long  Island 

178 

136 

34 

348 

New  Jersey 

247 

165 

53 

465 

Westchester  

111 

34 

10 

155 

Manhattan  

1.101 

1,639 

1,067 

3,807 

Elsewhere  

167 

119 

41 

327 

TOTAL 

2975 

2870 

1481 

7326 

*This  information  was  not  procured  from  the  Business  and  Professional  Group. 


[Ill) 


IV 

INDEX  OF  TABLES 

OCCUPATIONAL  GROUPS:—!,  e.,   Grouped  according  to  kind   of    work 
done,  disregarding  kind  of  estahlishmsnt. 


Table  Oc. 
Table  Oc. 

Table  Oc. 
Table  Oc. 


Table  Oc. 
Table  Oc. 
Table  Oc. 
Table  Oc. 
Table  Oc. 
Table  Oc. 
Table  Oc. 
Table  Oc. 
Table  Oc. 
Table  Oc. 
Table  Oc. 
Table  Oc.  10 
Table  Oc.  11  (a) 
Table  Oc.  11  (b) 
Table  Oc.  11  (c) 
Table  Oc.  12 


5  (a) 

5(b) 

5(c) 

6 

7  (a) 

7(b) 

7(e) 

8 

9  (a) 

9(b) 

9(c) 


Detailed  list  of  occupations  in  stores. 

Occupational  groups  in  stores  classified  according  to  kind  of 
work. 

Detailed  list  of  occupations  in  factories. 

Occupational  groups  in  factories  classified  according  to  kind 

of  work. 

Weekly  rent — office  work. 
Weekly  rent — manual  occupation. 
Weekly  rent — dom3stic  and  personal  service. 
Weekly  rent — comparison  of  occupational  groups. 
Weekly  earnings — office  work. 
Weekly  earnings — manual  occupation. 
Weekly  earnings — domestic  an  J  personal  service. 
Weekly  earnings — comparison  of  occupational  groups. 
Present  housing — office  work. 
Present  housing — manual  occupation. 
Present  housing — domestic  and  personal  service. 
Present  housing — comparison  of  occupational  groups. 
Preferred  housing — offise  work. 
Preferred  housing — manual  occupation. 
Preferred  housing— domestic  and  personal  service. 
Preferred  housing — other  occupational  groups. 


NOTE:  Dependents,  location  of  housing  and  age,  have  not  been  tabulated 
by  occupational  groups. 


[112} 


TABLE  OC.  1 
OCCUPATIONS 

DETAILED  LIST  OP  OCCUPATIONS 

Stores 


OCCUPATIONS 


NUMBER 


Not  Given 1 

Apprentices 10 

Buyers  and  Advertisers 30 

Bookkeepers  and  Accountants 91 

Cashiers 126 

Cleaners,  Cooks,  Waitresses 82 

Clerical  Workers  and  Stock  Girls 347 

Correspondents 8 

Demonstrators 19 

Filing  and  Checking  Clerks 52 

Instructors 38 

Mail  Order,  Complaint  Clerks,  etc 19 

Managers 14 

Manicurists  and  Hairdressers 26 

Messengers 15 

Packers  and  Stampers 62 

Saleswomen 1,701 

Sewing  Women 93 

Stenographers  and  Secretaries 50 

Telephone  Operators 7 

Typists  and  Dictophone  Operators 50 

Miscellaneous 29 

TOTAL.  .  2,870 


TABLE  OC.  2 

OCCUPATIONS 

OCCUPATIONAL  GROUPS  CLASSIFIED  ACCORDING  TO  KIND  OF  WORK 

Stores 


OCCUPATIONAL  GROUP 


NUMBER 


Office  Work 

Saleswomen , 

Manual  Occupations 

Domestic  and  Personal  Service . 

All  Others 

Not  Given. . 


TOTAL. 


772 

1,755 

94 

109 

139 

1 

2,870 


[113] 


TABLE  OC.  3 

OCCUPATIONS.    DETAILED  LIST  OF  OCCUPATIONS 
Factories 


OCCUPATION 


NUMBER 


Not  Given 3 

Addreseographers 13 

Bookbinders 54 

Candy  Workers 269 

Cleaners  and  Blockers 7 

Clerical  Workers 100 

Designers  and  Fashion  Artists 10 

Domestic  Workers 65 

Elevator  Girls 11 

Embroiderers  and  Crocheters 26 

Factory  Hands 145 

Feather  and  Flower  Workers 

Finishers  and  Hemstitchers 19 

Gold  Layers 12 

Hairdressers  and  Manicurists 5 

Labellers 42 

Lace  Workers 

Laundry  Pressers 13 

Milliners,  Dressmakers,  and  Sewers 321 

Operators  on  Drugs 54 

Operators  on  Shoes,  Straw,  etc 44 

Packers  of  Drugs 44 

Power  Press  Operators 

Sample  Mounters,  Pattern  Folders,  etc 

Sanitation  and  Laboratory  Workers 

Sewers  on  Ties  and  Waists 

Stenographers,  Secretaries  and  Typists 

Supervisors  and  Examiners 35 

Telephone  and  Telegraph  Operators 9 

Waitresses 10 

Miscellaneous 46 

TOTAL.  . .  1,481 


TABLE  OC.  4 
OCCUPATIONS — CLASSIFIED  LIST — FACTORIES 


OCCUPATIONAL  GROUPS 


NUMBEB 


Not  Given 

Office  Work 

Manual  Occupations 

Domestic  and  Personal  Service 
All  Others. . 


TOTAL. 


3 

155 

599 

71 

653 

1,481 


[114] 


TABLE  OC.  5  (a) 
COST  OF  HOUSING 

RENT  PAID  WEEKLY  BY  WOMEN  EMPLOYED  AS  OFFICE  WORKERS  IN 

DIFFERENT  TYPES  OF  ORGANIZATIONS 

Office  Work 


RENT  PER  WEEK 

OFFICES 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Not  Given    

1,968 

445 

110 

2,523 

Nothing      

109 

18 

3 

130 

$2  00-2  99 

3 

2 

5 

3.00-        

9 

8 

2 

19 

4  00- 

12 

8 

7 

27 

5  00-                .                  ... 

67 

27 

2 

96 

6  00- 

57 

24 

4 

85 

7.00- 

87 

32 

5 

124 

8.00-        

102 

52 

4 

158 

9.00-        

35 

10 

45 

10  00 

215 

66 

11 

292 

11  00- 

31 

8 

5 

44 

12  00-                               .    . 

78 

28 

106 

13  00-                    

23 

6 

1 

30 

14  00-        

25 

4 

29 

15  00- 

99 

21 

1 

121 

16  00- 

12 

4 

16 

17  00- 

2 

2 

18  00- 

15 

4 

19 

19  00-                    

1 

1 

2 

20  00            

15 

2 

17 

21  00-        

3 

3 

22.00-        

1 

1 

2 

23  00- 

1 

1 

24  00- 

1 

1 

25  00-25  99 

3 

1 

4 

33  00-            

1 

1 

TOTAL  

2,975 

772 

155 

3,902 

Lowest                     .               ... 

Nothing 

Nothing 

Nothing 

Nothing 

Highest  

$33.00 

$22.00 

$15.00" 

$33.00 

Mode  

10.00 

10.00 

10.00 

10.00 

Average 

9  05 

8  70 

7.29 

8.91 

[115] 


TABLE  OC.  5  (b) 
COST  OP  HOUSING 

BENT  PAID  WEEKLY  BY  WOMEN  EMPLOYED  IN  MANUAL  OCCUPATIONS 
IN  DIFFERENT  TYPES  OF  ORGANIZATIONS 

Manual  Occupations 


RENT  PEE  WEEK 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Not  Given                  .    .     .    . 

42 

322 

364 

Nothing          .                ..... 

7 

7 

$2  00-2  99  . 

1 

1 

3  00- 

1 

14 

15 

4.00- 

3 

13 

16 

5  00- 

g 

19 

27 

6.00- 

6 

21 

27 

7  00- 

6 

15 

21 

8  00- 

4 

29 

33 

9  00- 

3 

8 

11 

10  00- 

8 

53 

61 

11.00- 

2 

8 

10 

12  00- 

5 

29 

34 

13.00- 

1 

7 

8 

14.00- 

7 

7 

15.00- 

3 

23 

26 

16.00- 

5 

5 

17.00- 

18.00- 

2 

5 

7 

19.00- 

20.00-         

10 

10 

21.00- 

1 

1 

22.00- 

23.00- 

25.00- 

1 

1 

30.00-         

1 

1 

TOTAL 

94 

599 

693 

Lowest 

$3  00 

Nothing 

Nothing 

Highest 

18.00 

30.00 

30.00 

Mode 

10.00 

10.00 

Average 

8  62 

9.65 

9.48 

[116] 


TABLE  OC.  5  (c) 
COST  OF  HOUSING 

BENT  PAID  WEEKLY  BY  WOMEN  EMPLOYED  IN  DOMESTIC  AND  PERSONAL 
SERVICE  IN  DIFFERENT  ORGANIZATIONS 

Domestic  and  Personal  Service 


RENT  PER  WEEK 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Not  Given     

56 

29 

85 

Nothing 

1 

1 

$2  00-2  99 

3  00-                                     .    .  . 

5 

4 

9 

4  00-                   

5 

3 

8 

5  00-         

9 

9 

18 

6  00-         

5 

6 

11 

7  00-         

5 

3 

8 

8  00- 

7 

3 

10 

9  00- 

1 

1 

2 

10  00- 

15 

5 

20 

11  00-                       

3 

3 

12  00-12  99  

1 

2 

3 

18  00-           

1 

1 

19  00-           

20  00- 

1 

1 

TOTAL 

109 

71 

180 

Lowest  

$3  00 

Nothing 

Nothing 

Highest  

12.00 

20.00 

20.00 

Mode    

10.00 

5.00 

10.00 

Average 

7  02 

7  24 

7.12 

[117] 


TABLE  OC.  6 
COST  OP  HOUSING 

BENT  PAID  WEEKLY  BY  WOMEN  IN  DIFFERENT  OCCUPATIONAL  GBOUPS 

Occupational  Groups 


RENT  PBB  WEEK 

BUSINESS 
AND 

PROFES- 
SIONAL 

OFFICE 
WORK 

SALES- 
WOMEN 

MANUAL 
OCCUPA- 
TIONS 

DOMESTICS 

AND 

PERSONAL 

SERVICE 

Not  Given  .  . 

337 

2,523 

650 

364 

85 

Nothing 

46 

130 

17 

7 

1 

$1  00-1  99 

5 

2  00- 

7 

5 

4 

1 

3  00- 

12 

19 

26 

15 

9 

4  00- 

19 

27 

31 

16 

8 

5  00- 

36 

96 

84 

27 

18 

6  00- 

54 

85 

75 

27 

11 

7  00- 

47 

124 

116 

21 

8 

8.00-         
9.00-         
10.00-         
11.00- 
12  00- 

55 
51 
94 
76 

72 

158 
45 
292 
44 
106 

132 
67 
241 
22 
108 

33 
11 
61 
10 
34 

10 
2 
20 
3 
3 

13  00- 

71 

30 

22 

8 

14.00-  
15  00- 

47 
65 

29 
121 

36 

70 

7 
26 

... 

16.00-  
17.00-  
18.00-  
19.00-  
20.00-  
21.00-  
22.00-  
23  00- 

34 
62 
36 
38 
47 
4 
7 
32 

16 
2 
19 
2 
17 
3 
2 
1 

14 
10 
14 

"5 

5 

"7 

'io 
i 

i 
i 

24.00-  
25.00-  
26.00-  
27  00- 

6 

28 
6 
3 

1 

4 

"e 

2 

i 

*  *  * 

28.00-  
29.00- 

19 
2 

i 

... 

[118] 


TABLE  OC.  6 — Continued 

COST  OF  HOUSING 

KENT  PAID  WEEKLY  BY  WOMEN  IN  DIFFERENT  OCCUPATIONAL,  GROUPS 
Occupational  Groups 


RENT  PER  WEES 

BUSINESS 

AND 

PROFES- 
SIONAL 

OFFICE 
WORK 

SALES- 
WOMEN 

MANUAL 
OCCUPA- 
TIONS 

DOMESTICS 

AND 

PERSONAL 
SERVICE 

30  00- 

6 

1 

1 

31  00- 

1 

32  00- 

33.00-         
34.00- 

1 
9 

1 

1 

... 

35  00- 

36  00- 

2 

37  00- 

38.00- 

4 

1 

39.00- 

40.00- 

1 

41.00- 

42.00- 

1 

43  00- 

1 

44  00- 

45.00- 

1 

46.00- 

2 

47.00- 

1 

48.00-         

3 

49  00- 

50.00- 

2 

51.00- 

2 

63.00-         

1 

TOTAL  

1,456 

3,902 

1,755 

693 

180 

Lowest  

Nothing 

Nothing 

Nothing 

Nothing 

Nothing 

Highest  

$63  00 

$33  00 

$38  00 

$30.00 

$20.00 

Mode  

10  00 

10  00 

10.00 

10.00 

10.00 

Average  

13.50 

8.91 

9.55  ' 

9.48 

7.12 

[119] 


TABLE  OC.  7  (a) 
EARNINGS 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS  OF  WOMEN  EMPLOYED  AS  OFFICE  WORKERS  IN 
DIFFERENT  ORGANIZATIONS 

Office  Work 


EARNINGS  PER  WEEK 


OFFICES 


STORES 


FACTORIES 

AND  TRADE 

SCHOOLS 


TOTAL 


Not  Given 42 

$4.00-5.99 

6.00-         1 

8.00-        1 

10.00-        13 

12.00-        266 

14.00-        288 

16.00-        339 

18.00-        460 

20.00-         441 

22.00-         390 

24.00-         274 

26.00-        164 

28.00-        60 

30.00-        113 

32.00-        32 

34.00-        36 

36.00-        13 

38.00- 5 

40.00-        15 

42.00-        7 

44.00-        6 

46.00-        

48.00-        

50.00-51.99 6 

60.00-61.99 1 

74.00-75.99  2 

TOTAL 2,975 

Lowest...  S7.00 

Highest 75.00 

Mode 19.00 

Average 21.10 


163 


6 

24 

41 

112 

129 

103 

87 

41 

41 

8 

3 

6 

2 

1 

"i 

2 

1 
1 


772 

$9.00 
45.00 
17.00 
18.54 


10 


7 

8 
23 
22 
32 
21 

7 
11 

2 

'2 
2 
2 

'2 
4 


155 

$11.00 
41.00 
19.00 
19.64 


215 

i 

7 

44 

315 

423 

490 

595 

549 

438 

326 

174 

63 

121 

36 

39 

13 

8 

21 

8 

7 


3,902 

$7.00 
75.00 
19.00 
20.62 


[120] 


TABLE  OC.  7  (b) 

EARNINGS 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS  OF  WOMEN  EMPLOYED  AS  MANUAL  WORKERS  IN 

DIFFERENT  ORGANIZATIONS 

Manual  Occupations 


EARNINGS  PER  WEEK 


STORES 


FACTORIES 

*.ND  TRADE 

SCHOOLS 


TOTAL 


Not  Given 20 

$4.00-5.99 

6.00-         2 

8.00-         

10.00-         5 

12.00-         5 

14.00-          4 

16.00-          3 

18.00-         9 

20.00-          9 

22.00-         12 

24.00-         10 

26.00-         6 

28.00-         

30.00-         6 

32.00  1 

34.00-          1 

36.00-         

38.00-          

40.00-          1 

42.00-          

44.00-          

46.00-         

48.00-          

50.00-51.99 

60.00-  

TOTAL 94 

Lowest $7.00 

Highest 41 .00 

Mode 23.00 

Average 21 .46 


76 


27 

62 

100 

31 

59 

70 

32 

49 

13 

19 

43 

2 

9 

1 

1 

3 


96 


32 

67 

104 

34 

68 

79 

44 

59 

19 

19 

49 

3 

10 

1 

1 

4 


599 

$11.00 
51.00 
15.00 
20.25 


693 

$7.00 
51.00 
15.00 
20.24 


[121] 


TABLE  OC.  7  (c) 

EARNINGS 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS  OP  WOMEN  EMPLOYED  AS  DOMESTIC  AND  PERSONAL 

WORKERS  IN  DIFFERENT  TYPES  OF  ORGANIZATIONS 

Domestic  and  Personal  Service 


EARNINGS  PER  WEEK 

STORES 

FACTORIES 

ANDTRADE 

SCHOOLS 

TOTALS 

Not  Given  

27 

25 

52 

$4  00-5  99  

1 

1 

6  00- 

23 

1 

24 

8  00-         

4 

2 

6 

10  00-         

7 

5 

12 

12  00-         

6 

6 

12 

14  00-         

6 

8 

14 

16  00- 

11 

4 

15 

18  00-         

10 

1 

11 

20  00-         

10 

7 

17 

22  00-         

3 

3 

24  00-         

1 

6 

7 

26  00-         

1 

1 

28  00-         

30  00- 

1 

1 

32  00- 

34.00- 

1 

1 

36  00- 

38.00-         

40.00- 

2 

2 

42  00- 

44.00-         

1 

1 

TOTAL    

109 

71 

180 

Lowest  

$4.00 

$6.00 

$4.00 

Highest  

25.00 

45.00 

45.00 

Mode  

7.00 

15.00 

7.00 

Average  

13.76 

19.17 

15.70 

[122] 


TABLE  OC.  8 
EARNINGS 

COMPARISON  OP  WAGES  RECEIVED  WEEKLY 

Occupational  Groups* 


EARNINGS  PBK  WEEK 

OFFICE 
WORK 

MANUAL 
OCCUPA- 
TIONS 

DOMESTICS 

AND 

PERSONAL 
SERVICE 

Not  Given 

215 

96 

52 

Nothing              .                   .                  .... 

$4  00-5  99      .                       

1 

6  00-             

1 

2 

24 

8  00-           

7 

6 

10  00-         

44 

32 

12 

12  00- 

315 

64 

12 

14  00- 

423 

104 

14 

16  00- 

490 

34 

15 

18  00-                      .             

595 

68 

11 

20  00-         

549 

79 

17 

22  00-         

438 

44 

3 

24  00-         

326 

59 

7 

26  00-         

174 

19 

1 

28  00- 

63 

19 

30  00- 

121 

49 

1 

32  00- 

36 

3 

34  00-             .                   

39 

10 

1 

36  00-         ...               

13 

1 

38.00- 

8 

1 

40.00-         

21 

4 

2 

42.00-         

8 

44  00- 

7 

1 

1 

46  00- 

48  00-         ...           

50  00- 

6 

1 

60.00- 

1 

74.00-         

2 

TOTAL 

3,902 

693 

180 

Lowest  

$7.00 

$7.00 

$4.00 

Highest  

61.00 

51.00 

45.00 

Mode 

19  00 

15  00 

7.00 

Average  . 

20  62 

20.34 

15.70 

*Salaries  of  Business  and  Professional  Women  were  tabulated  by  annual 
earnings.    See  Table  P.  B.  3. 


[123] 


TABLE  OC.  9  (a) 
PRESENT  HOUSING 

PRESENT  HOUSING  CONDITIONS  OF  WOMEN  EMPLOYED  AS  OFFICE 

WORKERS  IN  DIFFERENT  TYPES  OF  ORGANIZATIONS 

Office  Workers 


HOUSING  CONDITIONS 

OFFICES 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Not  Given  

22 

9 

6 

37 

Housekeeping  Apt  

332 

75 

26 

433 

With  Family  

2,428 

620 

111 

3,159 

Boarding  House  

51 

16 

5 

72 

Furnished  Room  

111 

41 

6 

158 

Organized  Home  

31 

11 

1 

43 

TOTAL 

2,975 

772 

155 

3,902 

TABLE  OC.  9  (b) 
PRESENT  HOUSING 

PRESENT   HOUSING   CONDITIONS   FOR   WOMEN   EMPLOYED    IN    MANUAL 
OCCUPATIONS   IN    DIFFERENT   TYPES   OF   ORGANIZATIONS 

Manual  Occupations 


HOUSING 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTALS 

Not  Given     

1 

8 

Housekeeping  Apt  

26 

123 

14Q 

With  Family     

53 

407 

4fiO 

Boarding  House  

5 

20 

OK 

Furnished  Room  

9 

32 

41 

Organized  Home  

9 

TOTAL  

94 

599 

6Q3 

[124] 


TABLE  OC.  9  (c) 
PRESENT  HOUSING 

PRESENT   HOUSING    CONDITIONS   OF   WOMEN    EMPLOYED   IN   DOMESTIC 
AND  PERSONAL  SERVICE  IN  DIFFERENT  TYPES  OF  ORGANIZATIONS 


DOMESTIC 

AND  PERSON 

AL  SERVICE 

PRESENT  HOUSING 

Stores 

Factories 
and  Trade 
Schools 

Total 

5 

2 

7 

TI(-wi|oplrppr-)irjor   Atiartment 

53 

29 

82 

With  Family          

30 

28 

58 

2 

2 

19 

10 

29 

Organized  Hom6                    

2 

2 

TOTAL                          

109 

71 

180 

TABLE  OC.  10 

PRESENT  HOUSING 

COMPARISON  OF  OCCUPATIONAL  GROUPS 


PRESENT  HOUSING 

BUSINESS 
AND  PROFES- 
SIONAL 

OFFICE 
WORKERS 

SALES- 
WOMEN 

MANUAL 
OCCUPA- 
TIONS 

DOMESTIC 

AND 

PERSONAL 
SERVICE 

Not  Given  
Housekeeping  Apt.  . 
With  Family       

41— 
374—  26% 

777_  55% 

37— 
433—  11% 
3,159—  82% 

36— 

408—  24% 
947—  55% 

9— 
149—  22% 
460—  67% 

7— 
82—  47% 
58—  34% 

Boarding  House  .... 
Furnished  Room  
Organized  Home.  .  .  . 

93—    7% 
133—    9% 
38—    3% 

72—    2% 
158—    4% 
43—    1% 

81—    5% 
266—  15% 
17-    1% 

25—    4% 
41—    6% 
9—    1% 

2—    1% 
29—  17% 
2—    1% 

TOTAL 

1,456 

3,902 

1,755 

693 

180 

Total  Given    

1,415—100% 

3,865—100% 

1,719—100% 

684r-100% 

173—100% 

[125] 


TABLE  OC.  11  (a) 
PREFERRED  HOUSING 

PREFERRED    HOUSING   OF   WOMEN    EMPLOYED   AS   OFFICE    WORKERS   IN 
DIFFERENT  TYPES  OF  ORGANIZATIONS 

Office  Workers 


PREFERRED  HOUSING 

OFFICES 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Not  Given 

517 

178 

42 

737 

Housekeeping  Apt 

1,612  —  65  6% 

403  —  67  8% 

71  —  62  8% 

2  086  —  66% 

Boarding  House 

187  —  7  6% 

50  —  g  4% 

5  —  4  5% 

242  —  7% 

Furnished  Room 

19  —      8% 

8  —  i  4% 

27—1% 

Organized  Home  

640—    26% 

133—22.4% 

37—32.7% 

8io_6% 

TOTAL  

2,975 

772 

155 

3,902 

Given  

2,458—100% 

594  —  100% 

113—100% 

3,165—100% 

TABLE  OC.  11  (b) 
PREFERRED  HOUSING 

PREFERRED  HOUSING  OF  WOMEN  EMPLOYED  IN  MANUAL  WORK  IN 
DIFFERENT  TYPES  OF  ORGANIZATIONS 

Manual  Workers 


PREFERRED  HOUSING 

STORES  : 

L, 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Not  Given                                           

23— 

176— 

199 

Housekeeping  Apt 

56_78.9% 

290—68.6% 

346—70% 

Boarding  House 

1_  1.4% 

30—  7.1% 

31—  6% 

Furnished  Room                                   

1_  1.4% 

6—  1.4% 

7—  2% 

Organized  Home                                  

13—18.3% 

97—22.9% 

110—22% 

TOTAL                                            .    ... 

94 

599 

693 

Given                           

71—100% 

423—100% 

494—100% 

[126] 


TABLE  OC.  11  (c) 

PBEPERRED  HOUSING 

PREFERRED  HOUSING  OF  WOMEN  EMPLOYED  IN  DOMESTIC  AND 

PERSONAL  SERVICE  IN  DIFFERENT  TYPES  OF  ORGANIZATIONS 

Domestic  and  Personal  Service 


PREFERRED  HOUSING 

STORES 

FACTORIES 
AND  TRADE 
SCHOOLS 

TOTAL 

Not  Given     

18— 

16— 

34— 

Housekeeping  Apt  

74_8i.3% 

33—    60% 

107—73% 

Boarding  House  
Furnished  Room  
Organized  Home  

9—  9.9% 

1—  1.1% 

7_  7.7% 

1-  1.8% 
21—  38.2% 

10-7% 
1-  1% 
28—19% 

TOTAL 

109 

71 

180 

Given  

91—100% 

55—100% 

146—100% 

TABLE  OC.  12 

PREFERRED  HOUSING 

OCCUPATIONAL  GROUPS  EXCEPT  BUSINESS  AND  PROFESSIONAL  WOMEN 


PREFERRED  HOUSING 

OFFICE 
WORK 

SALES- 
WOMEN 

MANUAL 
OCCUPA- 
TIONS 

DOMESTICS 

AND 

PERSONAL 
SERVICE 

Not  Given 

737 

306 

199 

34 

Housekeeping  Apt  
Boarding  House.  .        

2,086—66% 
242  —  7% 

1,074—74% 
102—  7% 

346—70% 
31_  6% 

107—73% 
10—  7% 

Furnished  Room  

27—  1% 

25—  2% 

7—  2% 

1—  1% 

Organized  Home  

8io—26% 

248—17% 

110—22% 

28—19% 

TOTALS 

3,902 

1,755 

693 

180 

Total  Given  

3,165—100% 

1,449—100% 

494—100% 

146—100% 

[127] 


V 

INDEX  OF  TABLES 

BUSINESS  "AND  PROFESSIONAL  WOMEN:— 
Table  B.  P.  1    Occupations. 

Table  B.  P.  2    Ages — classified  by  five  year  periods. 
Table  B.  P.  3    Annual  Salaries. 
Table  B.  P.  4    Dependents. 
Table  B.  P.  5    Preferred  Housing. 


[128] 


TABLE  B.  P.  1 

OCCUPATIONS 
Business  and  Professional  Women 


OCCUPATION 

NUMBER 

Lawyers  

11 

Librarians 

156 

Nurses 

29 

Physicians 

31 

Social  Workers                        .       .    . 

117 

Teachers  .                .       

1,042 

Miscellaneous           

70 

TOTAL  

1,456 

TABLE  B.  P.  2 
AGES 

CLASSIFIED  BY  5  YEAR  GROUPS 

Business  and  Professional 


AGES 

NUMBEB 

80 

''Over  21'7                             

25 

15_19                        

12 

20-24                     

300 

25-29                   

281 

•?n_^4                                                                                  

223 

QCL-^Q                                                                                        

209 

40-44                                                     

143 

45.40                                                 

82 

50-54                        

71 

t;e>_fui                                                                                     

18 

ftO-64                                                                

11 

65-69  

1 

TYlTALi                                                                                                               

1,456 

[129] 


TABLE  B.  P.  3 

EARNINGS 
SALARIES  RECEIVED  YEARLY 

Business  and  Professional  Women 


SALARY  PER  YEAR 


Not  Given 20 

$600-899   10 

900-         94 

1,200-         113 

1,500-         274 

1,800-         183 

2,100-         llf> 

2,400-         Ill 

2,700-         249 

3,000-         150 

3,300-         r  30 

3,600-         54 

3,900-         7 

4,200-         5 

4,500-         21 

4,800-         7 

5,100- 1 

5,400-         

5,700-         

6,000-         5 

6,300- 

6,900-         1 

8,100-         2 

8,400-         1 

10,000-         1 

15,000-         1 

TOTAI 1,456 

Lowest $600 

Highest 15,000 

Mode 1,500  to  1,790 

Average $2,350.60 


NUMBER 


[130] 


TABLE  B.  P.  4 

DEPENDENTS  OF  WOMEN  LIVING  WITH  FAMILIES 
DISTRIBUTION  OF  DEPENDENTS  BY  OCCUPATION  OF  WOMEN  SUPPORTING 

THEM 

Business  and  Professional 


OCCUPATION 

TYPE  OF  DEPENDENT 

Parents 

Own 
Chil- 
dren 

Other 
Rela- 
tives 

Total 
Depen- 
dents 

Per 

Cent 

No. 
Depen- 
dents 

Total 
Cases 

Librarians  
Teachers  
Social  Workers  
Lawyers 

14 

244 

7 

1 
2 
5 
1 
2 

7 
58 
3 
1 
2 
2 
1 
1 

22 
304 
15 

2 
4 
3 
1 
11 

28.9 
49.4 
42.8 
40 
40 
37.5 
50 
44 

54 
312 
20 
3 
6 
5 
1 
14 

76 
616 
35 
5 
10 
8 
2 

25 

Physicians 

Nurses                   .  .  . 

1 

Banking  

Miscellaneous  

6 

4 

TOTAL 

272 

15 

75 

362 

46.5 

415 

777 

Total  number  having  dependents — 362 
Percentage  having  dependents — 46 . 5 

TABLE  B.  P.  5 

PREFERRED  HOUSING 

CLASSIFICATION  OF  RESPONSES  TO  QUESTION  TWELVE!  "iF  YOU  WERE 

FREE  TO  CHOOSE,  WHAT  TYPE  OF  HOUSING  WOULD  YOU  PREFER?" 

Business  and  Professional 


PREFERRED  HOUSING 

NUMBER 

PERCENTAGE 

Not  Given     

347 

House  

49 

4% 

Apartment  

437 

39% 

"Non-Housekeeping"  Apartment  
"Home"  or  "With  Family"  
Hotel  or  Apt.  Hotel  . 

13 
473 
63 

1% 
43% 
6% 

Boarding  House  

20 

2% 

Furnished  Room  

7 

1% 

Organized  Home  

36 

3% 

Club  

11 

1% 

TOTAL  

1,456 

1,109  =  100% 

[131] 


VI 

INDEX  OF  TABLES 

COLORED  WOMEN. 

Occupations  (Detailed  List). 

Occupational  Groups  (Classified). 

Rents:  Rents  Paid  by  Women  in  Occupational  Groups. 

Earnings:  Salaries  Earned  Weekly  in  Occupational  Groups. 

(a)  Relation  of  Rent  to  Earnings,  Non-Domestics 

(b)  Same,  Domestics. 

Ages:  Ages  in  Occupational  Groups. 

Relation  of  Age  to  Rent  Paid. 

Relation  of  Age  to  Earnings. 

Present  Housing:  Present  Housing  Accommodations  in  Occu- 
pational Groups. 

Table  Col.  10  (a)    Present    Housing:  Rents  Paid  in    Present    Housing,  Non- 
Domestics. 

Same,  Domestics  and  Personal  Service. 


STUDY  OF 
Table  Col.  1 
Table  Col. 
Table  Col. 
Table  Col. 
Table  Col. 
Table  Col. 
Table  Col. 
Table  Col. 
Table  Col. 
Table  Col. 


Table  Col.  10 
Table  Col.  11 

Table  Col.  11 
Table  Col.  12 

Table  Col.  12 
Table  Col.  13 

Table  Col.  14 
Table  Col.  15 


(b) 
(a) 

(b) 
(a) 

(b) 


Present  Housing:  Salaries  Earned  by  Colored  Women  Living 
Under  Present  Housing  Conditions,  Non-Domestics. 

Same,  Domestic  and  Personal  Service. 

Present  Housing:  Ages  of  Colored  Women  Living  Under 
Present  Housing  Conditions,  Non-Domestics. 

Same,  Domestic  and  Personal  Service. 

Preference  for  Housing:  Ages  of  Women  Expressing  Preference 

for  Types  of  Housing  Accommodations. 
Dependents. 
Place  of  Residence. 


[132] 


TABLE  COL.  1 

OCCUPATIONS  (DETAILED  LIST) 


OCCUPATIONS 


NUMBBB 


Not  given 20 

Attendants,  maids 

Bookkeepers,  cashiers 5 

Cafeteria  worker 1 

Chambermaids 

Clerical  workers 22 

Cleaners 3 

Cooks 25 

Day  workers 36 

Dish  washers 1 

Domestics 238 

Dressmakers,  drapers,  etc 22 

Elevator  girl 1 

Factory  hands 90 

Hair  workers 3 

Housekeepers 1 

Ladies*  maids 

Laundresses 

Nurses,  druggists,  etc 16 

Nurse  maids 15 

Piano  player 

Secretaries 

Sewing  women,  plain,  fancy 61 

Social  worker 1 

Stock  and  floor  girls 

Stenographers 14 

Students 

Switchboard  operators 

Teachers 13 

Typists 3 

Usher 1 

Waitresses 24 

Y.  W.  C.  A.  workers 9 

Total..  678 


{188] 


TABLE  COL.  2 

OCCUPATIONS 

CLASSIFIED  LIST 

Colored  Women 


OCCUPATIONS 


NUMBER 


Business  and  Professional 

Office  Workers 

Saleswomen 

Manual  Occupations 

Domestic  and  Personal  Service 
Miscellaneous . . 


TOTAL. 


40 
52 

173 

386 

27 

678 


[134] 


TABLE  COL.  3 
RENTS 

RENTS  PAID  BY  WOMEN  IN  OCCUPATIONAL  GROUP 

Colored  Women 


DO- 

RENTS 
PER 
WEEK 

BUSI- 
NESS AND 
PROFES- 
SIONAL 

OFFICE 
WORK- 
ERS 

SALES- 
WOMEN 

MAN- 
UAL OC- 
CUPA- 
TIONS 

MESTIC 

AND 

PER 

SONAL 

MIS- 
CELLA- 
NEOUS 

TOTAL 

SERVICE 

Not  Given. 

3 

12 

20 

31 

4 

70 

Nothing.  .  . 

1 

.  .  . 

.  .  . 

4 

4 

... 

9 

$1.00-1.99 

. 

2.00- 

"2 

"8 

'28 

'38 

3.00- 

"s 

7 

14 

63 

'io 

102 

4.00- 

12 

13 

29 

58 

4 

116 

5.00- 

1 

7 

31 

76 

2 

117 

6.00- 

4 

3 

19 

51 

1 

78 

7.00- 

2 

1 

15 

28 

4 

50 

8.00- 

5 

2 

18 

23 

1 

49 

9.00- 

1 

5 

12 

1 

19 

10.00- 

'3 

7 

5 

15 

11.00- 

"2 

1 

3 

12.00- 

2 

i 

2 

5 

13.00- 

1 

1 

14.00- 

"2 

2 

15.00- 

"i 

1 

16.00- 

"i 

i 

2 

17.00- 

.  .  . 

18.00- 

... 

... 

i 

... 

1 

TOTAL.  .  . 

40 

52 

173 

386 

27 

678 

Lowest.  .  .  . 
Highest.  .  . 

Nothing 
$16.00 

$2.00 
2.00 

... 

Nothing 
$14.00 

Nothing 
$18.00 

$3.00 
9.00 

Noth'g 
$18.00 

Mode 

4  00 

4.00 

5  00 

5  00 

3.00 

5.00 

Average  .  .  . 

5.43 

5^20 

... 

5!30 

5.06 

4.60 

5.19 

[135] 


TABLE  COL.  4 
EARNINGS 

SALARIES  EARNED  WEEKLY  BY  WOMEN  IN  OCCUPATIONAL  GROUP 

Colored  Women 


WEEKLY 
EARNINGS 

BUSINESS 

AND 

PROFES- 
SIONAL 

OFFICE 
WORKERS 

MANUAL 
OCCUPA- 
TIONS 

DOMESTIC 

AND 

PERSONAL 
SERVICE 

MISCEL- 
LANEOUS 

TOTAL 

Not  gpven  
Nothing  

7 

6 
2 

11 
2 

74 

8 
1 

106 
5 

$4.00-5.99  
6.00-         
8.00-         
10.00- 
12.00-         
14.00- 
16.00- 
18.00- 
20.00- 
22.00- 
24.00-         
26.00- 

"2 
1 
4 
4 
3 
1 
4 
3 

i 

3 
10 

7 
7 
10 

i 
i 

"2 
6 
2 
16 
41 
15 
13 
32 
9 
13 
1 

"4 
7 
25 
65 
106 
29 
25 
30 
2 
15 
1 

3 
2 
2 
2 
6 
1 
1 
1 

9 
15 
30 
88 
164 
56 
50 
76 
12 
33 

Q 

28.00- 
30.00- 

i 

i 

2 

2 

6 

1 
1 

4 
10 

32.00- 

34.00- 
36.00- 
38.00- 

6 
3 

2 

i 

8 
3 
1 

42.00- 
46.00-         

1 

i 

.  .  . 

1 
1 

TOTAL  
Lowest  

40 
$12.00 

52 
Nothing 

173 
Nothing 

386 
$6.00 

27 
Nothing 

678 
Nothing 

Highest 

42  00 

$46  00 

$34  00 

38  00 

$20  00 

$46  00 

Mode  

35.00 

15.00 

15^00 

15.00 

Average 

25  67 

18  52 

18  27 

15  85 

12  32 

17  20 

[136] 


^O  NT 


00'9fr$ 


00'8S$ 


« 

^  5    oi 
10 


00*02$ 


00'9I$ 


O5O     •  O  OS  00  »-H^  <N  CO  t^  O  <M  CO     -CO     •  i-*     • 
CO  •  i— <  CO  >O  '  "  " 


[137] 


TABLE  COL.  5  (b) 
RELATION  OF  RENTS  TO  EARNINGS 

DOMESTICS 
Colored  Women 


RENTS 
PER  WEEK 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS 

§ 

1 

8 

8 

00 
€# 

8 

o 

r— 
^ 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

1 

•a 

« 

& 

3 
1 

S3 
»& 

Tt< 

— 

e^ 

CO 
•» 

00 

* 

I 

1 

Tt* 
3 

CO 

8 

00 

SI 

o 

£ 

00 

n 

Not  Given.  . 

3 

4 

6 
1 
8 
16 
12 
12 
4 

"5 

8 
1 
9 
18 
17 
20 
15 
7 
8 

3 
2 
5 
2 
7 
3 
3 
2 
2 

1 

13 

i 

2 

i 

9 

51 
4 
30 
60 
53 
66 
56 
24 
22 
8 
5 
1 
2 
1 

Nothing  

$2.00-2  99   . 

1 

6 
2 
2 
4 
2 
3 

1 

3 
4 
5 
4 
4 
1 
1 
1 

1 

5 
12 
7 
11 
15 
6 
3 
4 
2 

3.00- 
4.00- 

2 

1 

2 
5 
4 
2 

2 

5.00- 

1 

1 

1 
1 
1 

6 

6.00- 

4 

1 

7.00- 

8.00- 

9.00- 

1 

1 

1 

10.00- 

1 

1 

11.00- 

1 

12.00- 

1 

1 

13.00- 

1 

14.00- 

15.00- 

1 

1 

1 
1 

16.00- 

i 

17.00- 

i 

2 

1 

TOTAL.     .  .  . 

4 

7 

25 

65 

106 

29 

25 

30 

15 

i 

1 

i 

74 

386 

[138] 


TABLE  COL.  6 

AGES  IN  OCCUPATIONAL  GROUP 

(AGES  IN  S-YEAR  INTERVALS) 

Colored  Women 


DO- 

AGES 

BUSI- 
NESS AND 
PROFES- 
SIONAL 

OFFICE 
WORK- 
ERS 

SALES- 
WOMEN 

MAN- 
UAL Oc- 

CUPA- 
TIONS 

MESTIC 

AND 

PER- 
SONAL 

MIS- 
CELLA- 
NEOUS 

TOTAL 

SERVICE 

Not 
Given  . 

5 

5 

8 

28 

3 

49 

15-19... 

1 

11 

34 

31 

5 

82 

20-     ... 

12 

20 

59 

109 

12 

212 

25-     ... 

12 

11 

35 

83 

2 

143 

30-     ... 

6 

2 

13 

42 

2 

65 

35-     ... 

3 

3 

10 

35 

2 

53 

40-     ... 

8 

27 

35 

45-     ... 

i 

4 

19 

24 

50-     ... 

2 

10 

12 

55-     ... 

1 

1 

60-     ... 

1 

1 

65-     ... 

70-     ... 

"i 

"i 

TOTAL 

40 

52 

... 

173 

386 

27 

678 

[139] 


ose^KNccuccoia^c^THi-H    . ,-« 


00'8I$ 


00'9l$ 


00'0i$ 


00'6$ 


00'8$ 


00'9$ 


66'T-001$ 


CO  O  "f  O  CO  CO  CO  i-l 


O  "f  O 
WIN'-' 


'Ibei 


[140] 


tf 


TVMOJ, 

9S3fS88SSS—  :- 

o 

fl/VQl7<lfe 

rH      

rH 

UU  yV9 

ft(\'7f,& 

rH 

rH 

UU  OK«S 

Aft'QO^t 

rH 

UU  oo® 

rvrv'QOCt 

c*i  *^H 

CO 

uu  y&» 

00*^8$ 

:  iMN  ;N  i"  :  :  :  ':  : 

00 

00  ob» 

o 

00  Obs 

rH 

flA'OTdfr 

rH  rH  ^H      *  fH 

"^f 

UU  o^3p 

rHCOrH^H       ' 

0 

uu  ye* 

H 

M 

00*^2$ 

-^^r-^0,^-  :  :  :  : 

S3 

H 

P-t 

00'22$ 

COrHT}<<Nr-»rH       

rH 

1 

i 

00*02$ 

1-1  ^                     ;   ;   ;   ; 

CO 

•< 

K 

rkn-^jT* 

OTM>0><£>^(NCO     

UU  olo 

00'9I$ 

(N  10  ess  -H  co  csi  co  rH    ;    ;    ;    ;    ; 

s 

00*^1$ 

"*<N  t^  O  O  OS  00  CO  rH  rH  rH       ' 

rH  <N  iccorH                           ;    ; 

§ 

00*21$ 

oo  Tf  r^  o  os  t>-  co  rH  co    '    '    '    I 

§8 

00*01$ 

O.CO^^rHCOOrHrH       |      |      |      J 

o 

CO 

00*8$ 

^^^o,  :--:-:::: 

rH 

f»Q-  i  A/VQ<it 

^Q          T^<  rH                         rH 

0» 

DO  Lr\)(j  y* 

AR'G—  flfVT  ft 

OO  a^JU  lo 

^  ITT  III  n  VT 

*  rH        *  rH  rH  rH        *                                        *  rH 

tO 

^JUlL^^vy^^ 

n3A,3,oM 

O^t^rHOiOiOiO^CO       *       [       *       1 

s 

§ 

g  :::::::::::: 

j 

< 

<< 

SiiiiiiAAiAA 

1 

[HI] 


TABLE  COL.  9 
PRESENT  HOUSING 

PRESENT  HOUSING  ACCOMMODATIONS  IN  OCCUPATIONAL  GROUPS 
Colored  Women 


DO- 

PRESENT HOUSING 

BUSI- 
NESS AND 
PROFES- 
SIONAL 

OFFICE 
WORK- 
ERS 

MAN- 
UAL OC- 
CUPA- 
TIONS 

MESTIC 

AND 

PER- 
SONAL 

MIS- 
CELLA- 
NEOUS 

TOTAL 

SERVICE 

Housekeeping  Apartment 
(alone  or  with  friends) 

4 

2 

18 

35 

2 

61 

Living  with  parents,  hus- 
band, or  any  relative  .  . 

15 

29 

77 

145 

13 

279 

Boarding  House 

1 

7 

1 

9 

Furnished  Room  

12 

16 

48 

129 

8 

213 

Organized  Home 

8 

2 

9 

31 

3 

53 

Not  Given  

1 

2 

21 

39 

63 

TOTAL 

40 

52 

173 

386 

27 

678 

[142] 


TABLE  COL.  10  (a) 

PRESENT  HOUSING 

RENTS  PAID  IN  PRESENT  HOUSING 

Non-Domestics 

Colored  Women 


PRESENT  HOUSING 

RENT  PAID 
PER  WEEK 

Apart, 
houses, 
(alone  or 
friends) 

With 
parents, 
tiusband, 
rela- 
tives, 

Boarding 
house 

Fur- 
nished 
room 

Organ- 
ized 
home 

Not 
an- 
swered 

Total 

etc. 

SI.  00-1.  99 

2.00- 

i 

"e> 

"3 

'16 

3.00- 

3 

10 

10 

'15 

i 

39 

4.00- 

4 

20 

i 

20 

5 

8 

58 

5.00- 

4 

2 

m 

18 

8 

41 

6.00- 

5 

10 

"i 

11 

27 

7.00- 

2 

16 

2 

i 

"i 

22 

8.00- 

2 

10 

10 

4 

26 

9.00- 

1 

6 

7 

10.00- 

2 

7 

"i 

10 

11.00- 

1 

1 

2 

12.00- 

2 

"i 

3 

13.00- 

14.00- 

2 

"2 

15.00- 

16.00- 

. 

i 

i 

17.00- 

. 

18.00- 

19.00- 

20.00- 

Not  Given 

"i 

28 

"s 

'2 

'39 

Nothing 

... 

5 

5 

TOTAL  

26 

134 

2 

84 

22 

24 

292 

[148] 


TABLE  COL.  10  (b) 
PRESENT  HOUSING 

RENTS  PAID  IN  PRESENT  HOUSING 

Domestics  and  Personal  Service 
Colored  Women 


PRESENT  HOUSING 

RENTS  PAID 
PER  WEEK 

Apart, 
houses, 
(alone  or 
friends) 

With 
parents, 
rela- 
tives, 
etc. 

Boarding 
house 

Fur- 
nished 
room 

Organ- 
ized 
home 

Not 
an- 
swered 

Total 

$1.00-1.99 

2.00- 

"i 

*i9 

"e 

"3 

i 

*30 

3.00- 

5 

20 

12 

22 

3 

62 

4.00- 

2 

22 

1 

22 

1 

2 

50 

5.00- 

5 

33 

34 

1 

6 

79 

6.00- 

7 

14 

28 

1 

10 

60 

7.00- 

6 

9 

1 

12 

1 

29 

8.00- 

3 

7 

1 

5 

4 

20 

9.00- 

2 

5 

. 

4 

1 

12 

10.00- 

1 

. 

2 

1 

4 

11.00- 

1 

. 

1 

12.00- 

"2 

2 

13.00- 

"i 

1 

14.00- 

"i 

1 

15.00- 

2 

2 

16.00- 

"i 

1 

17.00- 

( 

t 

18.00- 

"i 

'  i 

"2 

19.00- 

20.00- 

Not  Given 

"3 

'ii 

"i 

"i 

"6 

'25 

Nothing 

... 

2 

... 

... 

... 

3 

5 

TOTAL 

35 

145 

7 

129 

31 

39 

386 

[144] 


TABLE  COL.  ^Ll  (a) 

PRESENT  HOUSING 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS  BY  COLORED  WOMEN  LIVING  UNDER  PRESENT 

HOUSING  CONDITIONS 

Non-Domestics 

Colored  Women 


PRESENT  HOUSING 

WEEKLY 

EARNINGS 

House- 
keeping 
apart- 
ment 
(alone  or 

Living 
with 
parents, 
tiusband, 

Boarding 
house 

Fur- 
nished 
room 

Organ- 
ized 
home 

Not 
given 

Total 

friends) 

etc. 

Not  Given 

4 

10 

8 

9 

1 

32 

Nothing 

3 

1 

1 

5 

$4.00-5.99 

6.00- 

i 

*  3 

i 

"5 

8.00- 

i 

2 

2 

3 

8 

10.00- 

5 

5 

12.00- 

'  "2 

15 

"4 

2 

23 

14.00- 

5 

37 

14 

i 

1 

58 

16.00- 

15 

4 

i 

7 

27 

18.00- 

3 

10 

8 

2 

2 

25 

20.00- 

3 

16 

20 

1 

6 

46 

22.00- 

1 

3 

i 

5 

10 

24.00- 

3 

6 

6 

"2 

1 

18 

26.00- 

3 

2 

5 

28.00- 

1 

1 

'  'i 

3 

30.00- 

"2 

3 

4 

9 

32.00- 

34.00- 

"i 

"2 

"3 

'i 

"i 

"s 

36.00- 

1 

1 

i 

3 

38.00- 

42.00- 

"  i 

i 

46.00- 

"i 

... 

... 

1 

TOTAL  

26 

134 

2 

84 

22 

24 

292 

[145] 


TABLE  COL.  llt(b) 
PRESENT  HOUSING 

WEEKLY  EARNINGS  BY  COLORED  WOMEN  LIVING  UNDER  PRESENT 
HOUSING   CONDITIONS 

Domestic  and  Personal  Service 
Colored  Women 


PRESENT  HOUSING 

WEEKLY 
EARNINGS 

Apart, 
houses, 
(alone  or 
friends) 

With 
parents, 
rela- 
tives, 
etc. 

Boarding 
house 

Fur- 
nished 
room 

Organ- 
Mzed 
home 

Not 
an- 
swered 

Total 

$6.00-7.99- 

2 

2 

4 

8.0O- 

'  4 

1 

1 

"  i 

7 

10.00- 

5 

7 

3 

6 

"i 

25 

12.0O- 

3 

26 

"2 

23 

6 

5 

65 

14.00- 

7 

33 

1 

49 

6 

10 

106 

16.00- 

15 

1 

9 

2 

2 

29 

18.00- 

'3 

7 

2 

10 

2 

1 

25 

20.00- 

1 

10 

1 

11 

1 

6 

30 

22.00- 

2 

2 

24.00- 

1 

"e 

'4' 

"4 

15 

26.00- 

i 

1 

28.00- 

i 

1 

30.00- 

i 

1 

38.00- 

i 

1 

Not  Given 

"9 

'36 

16 

7 

"6 

74 

TOTAL  

35 

145 

7 

129 

31 

39 

386 

[146] 


TABLE  COL.  12  (a) 

PRESENT  HOUSING 

AGES  OF  COLORED  WOMEN  LIVING  UNDER  PRESENT  HOUSING 

CONDITIONS 

Non-Domestic 

Colored  Women 


PRESENTJHOUSING 

AGES 

Apart, 
houses, 
(alone  or 
friends) 

With 
parents, 
ausband, 
etc. 

Boarding 
house 

Fur- 
nished 
room 

Organ- 
ized 
home 

Not 
an- 
swered 

Total 

Not  Given  . 

3 

14 

4 

21 

15-19 

3 

30 

'  'l 

10 

"3 

3 

51 

2O- 

1 

44 

. 

32 

14 

12 

103 

25- 

6 

28 

22 

1 

3 

60 

30- 

3 

9 

'  i 

5 

3 

2 

23 

35- 

4 

6 

5 

1 

2 

18 

40- 

1 

2 

4 

2 

8 

45- 

3 

1 

1 

5 

50- 

1 

1 

2 

55- 

. 

60- 

65- 

70- 

i 

i 

TOTAL  

26 

134 

2 

84 

22 

24 

292 

[14.7] 


TABLE  COL.  12  (b) 
PRESENT  HOUSING 

AGES  OF  COLORED  WOMEN  LIVING  UNDER  PRESENT  HOUSING 

CONDITIONS 

Domestic  and  Personal  Service 
Colored  Women 


PRESENT  HOUSING 

AGES 

Apart, 
houses, 
(alone  or 
friends) 

With 
parents, 
rela- 
tives, 
etc. 

Boarding 
house 

Fur- 
nished 
room 

Organ- 
ized 
home 

Not 
an- 
swered 

Total 

15-19 

1 

20 

5 

3 

2 

31 

20- 

6 

44 

'3 

37 

12 

7 

109 

25- 

11 

25 

2 

36 

6 

3 

83 

30- 

5 

15 

14 

2 

6 

42 

35- 

1 

17 

10 

3 

4 

35 

40- 

5 

9 

i 

8 

4 

27 

45- 

3 

4 

7 

"2 

3 

19 

50- 

2 

4 

2 

2 

10 

55- 

1 

1 

60- 

"i 

1 

Not  Given 

i 

7 

i 

9 

"3 

7 

28 

TOTAL  

35 

145 

7 

129 

31 

39 

386 

[148] 


TABLE  COL.  13 
PREFERENCE  FOR  HOUSING 

AGES    OF    WOMEN    EXPRESSING    PREFERENCE    FOR    TYPES    OF    HOU6IN<3 

ACCOMMODATIONS 

Colored  Women 


AGES 

PREFERENCE  FOR  HOUSING 

House- 
keeping 
Apart. 

Furnished 
Rooms 

Boarding 
Houses 

Organized 
Homes 

Not 
Given 

Total 

Not  Given  
15-19       

28 
34 
105 
84 
38 
33 
21 
17 
10 

2 
3 
5 
1 
3 
2 
1 
1 

1 
10 
9 
5 
3 
1 
1 
1 

5 

12 
45 
13 
5 
3 
5 
1 

13 
23 
48 
40 
16 
14 
7 
4 
2 
1 

i 

49 
82 
212 
143 
65 
53 
35 
24 
12 
1 
1 

i 

20-         

25- 

30- 

35-     
40-     
45-     
50-       

55- 

60-     
65-     

70-     

1 

TOTAL  .... 

371 

18 

31 

89 

169 

678 

[149] 


TABLE  COL.  14 

DEPENDENTS 
Colored  Women 


DEPENDENTS 

NUMBER 

Not  Given 

74 

No  Dependents 

264 

Parents 

7 

Father                   .    .    . 

15 

Mother               

145 

Mother  and  Sister 

6 

Mother  and  Brother 

1 

Children 

95 

Sister              .... 

33 

Sister  and  Brother 

2 

Grandmother 

5 

Grandchildren 

1 

Aunt 

7 

Husband 

3 

Family              ... 

6 

Others                   ... 

13 

TOTAL 

678 

TABLE  COL.  15 

PLACE  OF  RESIDENCE 

Colored  Women 


PLACE  OF  RESIDENCE 

NUMBER 

63 

Manhattan        

582 

6 

Rrnolclvn                                            

6 

Tjomr  Island                   

2 

T^PW  Twsev                                

3 

1Wrp«»t/>hester                            

4 

T^lMpwhere                               

12 

TOTAL           

678 

[150] 


VII 

INDEX  OF  TABLES 
CORRELATION  TABLES:— 
Table  T.  1  (a)     Workers  in  offices,  stores  and  factories. 

Rents  by  present  housing. 
Table JT.  1  (b)     Business  and  professional  women. 

Rents  by  present  housing. 
TableJT.  2  (a)     Workers  in  offices,  stores  and  factories. 

Wages  by  rents. 

Table  T.  2](b)     Business  and  professional  women. 

Salaries  by  rents. 
Table  T.  3  (a)     Workers  in  offices,  stores  and  factories. 

Wages  by  present  housing. 

Table  T.  3  (b)     Business  and  professional  women. 

Salaries  by  present  housing. 
Table  T.  4  (a)     Workers  in  offices,  stores  and  factories. 

Wages  by  ages. 
Table  T.  4  (b)     Business  and  professional  women. 

Salaries  by  ages. 
Table  T.  5  (a)     Workers  in  offices,  stores  and  factories. 

Ages  by  present  housing. 
Table  T.  5  (b)     Business  and  professional  women. 

Ages  by  present  housing. 
Table  T.  6  (a)     Workers  in  offices,  stores  and  factories. 

Ages  by  preferred  housing. 
Table  T.  6  (b)     Business  and  professional  women. 

Ages  by  preferred  housing. 


[151] 


TABLE  T.  1  (a) 

WORKERS  IN  OFFICES,  STORES  AND  FACTORIES 
RENTS  BY  PRESENT  HOUSING 


1 

"\T/-\m 

LIVING 

BOARD- 

FUR- 

ORGANT 

HOUSE- 

RENTS 

-Li  CIA 

WITH 

ING 

NISHED 

IZED 

KEEPING 

TOTAL 

jrlVEN 

PARENTS 

HOUSE 

ROOM 

HOME 

APT. 

Not  Given 

72 

3,215 

9 

30 

4 

413 

3,743 

All  Board 

339 

1 

3 

13 

356 

Nothing 

156 

2 

2 

3 

163 

$2.00-  2.99 

6 

1 

2 

4 

13 

3.0O-  3.99 

2 

19 

5 

16 

3 

41 

86 

4.  '00-  4.99 

1 

32 

1 

23 

3 

36 

96 

5.00-  5.99 

108 

16 

47 

3 

87 

261 

6.0O-  6.99 

2 

87 

11 

60 

4 

62 

226 

7.00-  7.99 

6 

121 

17 

71 

11 

79 

305 

8.00-  8.99 

4 

170 

25 

55 

16 

111 

381 

9.00-  9.99 

3 

69 

11 

25 

2 

39 

149 

10.00-10.99 

6 

390 

26 

75 

14 

158 

669 

11.00-11.99 

3 

29 

4 

12 

3 

33 

84 

12.00-12.99 

2 

146 

27 

42 

4 

50 

271 

13.00-13.99 

27 

7 

14 

5 

11 

64 

14.00-14.99 

2 

33 

9 

16 

2 

16 

78 

15.00-15.99 

2 

153 

10 

18 

2 

37 

222 

16.0O-16.99 

10 

5 

12 

1 

9 

37 

17.00-17.99 

5 

1 

3 

1 

3 

13 

18.00-18.99 

24 

4 

8 

6 

42 

19.00-19.99 

1 

1 

. 

2 

20.00-20.99 

21 

6 

3 

. 

6 

36 

21.00-21.99 

2 

2 

4 

22.00-22.99 

"i 

i 

.  .  . 

2 

23.00-23.99 

. 

i 

1 

24.00-24.99 

. 

1 

1 

25.00-25.99 

i 

"6 

'i 

3 

2 

13 

26.00-26.99 

1 

1 

.  .  . 

1 

3 

29.00-29.99 

'i 

.  .  . 

1 

30.00-30.99 

"2 

.  .  . 

2 

33.00-33.99 

i 

1 

38.00-38.99 

... 

i 

1 

TOTAL  

106 

5,172 

202 

544 

78 

1,224 

7,326 

Lowest 

$3.00 

Nothing 

Nothing 

Nothing 

$3.00 

Nothing 

Nothing 

Highest 

25.00 

30.00 

29.00 

38.00 

17.00 

26.00 

38.00 

Mode 

10.00 

12.00 

10.00 

8.00 

10.00 

10.00 

Average 

9'50 

9.00 

10.23 

9.01 

8.92 

8.67 

9.00 

[152] 


TABLE  T.  1  (b) 

BUSINESS  AND  PROFESSIONAL  WOMEN 
RENTS  BY  PRESENT  HOUSING 


L 

IVING 

RENT  PER  WEEK 

§S 

«! 

.s^o 
£A  e 

c.-SpS 

•a  &< 

1 

Jb 

1 

,0 
1 

Boarding  House 

Furnished  Room 

Organized  Home 

Not  Given 

I 

Not  Given 

23 

6 

284 

1 

1 

22 

337 

Nothing 

46 

46 

1  00-1  99 

4 

1 

5 

2.00-         
3.00-         
4.00-         
5.00-         

6 
6 
9 
17 

.    .    . 

1 
5 
3 
11 

.   .   • 

1 

4 
7 

2 
1 

i 

7 
12 
19 
36 

6.00-         

21 

16 

1 

15 

1 

54 

7  00- 

15 

1 

14 

12 

3 

2 

47 

8  00- 

16 

13 

22 

1 

3 

55 

9.00-         
10.00-         
11.00-         
12.00-         
13.00-         
14.00-         
15  00-         

18 
29 
24 
22 
24 
23 
9 

i 
"i 

18 
40 
41 
21 
38 
20 
32 

1 
6 
2 
10 
6 

12 

12 
11 

5 
12 

1 
1 
6 

2 

8 
1 
6 
2 
1 
5 

2 
1 

'i 
i 

51 
94 
76 
72 
71 
47 
65 

16  00-         

8 

15 

7 

3 

1 

34 

17.00-         
18.00-         

28 
4 

2 

23 

18 

7 
14 

1 

i 

62 
36 

19.00-         
20.00-         
21.00-         
22  00-         

17 
8 
1 

i 

2 
1 

19 
23 
1 
3 

"s 

1 
3 

1 
1 

i 
"i 

'4 

38 

47 
4 

7 

23  00-         

16 

15 

1 

32 

24.00-         
25  00- 

2 

2 

3 
19 

3 

4 

i 

... 

6 

28 

26  00- 

2 

4 

6 

27  00- 

2 

1 

3 

28  00- 

4 

1 

12 

2 

19 

29.00-         
30.00-         
31  00- 

i 

2 

4 

"2 

2 
6 
1 

32  00- 

33  00-           .      ... 

1 

1 

•34  00- 

7 

2 

9 

36.00-         
38.00-         
40  00- 

"i 

i 

1 

i 

"i 

i 

i 

2 
4 
1 

42  00-                   .  .    . 

i 

1 

43  00- 

i 

1 

45  00- 

i 

1 

46  00- 

i 

i 

2 

47  00- 

i 

1 

48  00- 

i 

2 

3 

50  00-         

i 

1 

2 

51  OO- 

2 

2 

63  00- 

1 

1 

TOTAL  

374 

19 

777 

93 

114 

38 

41 

1,456 

PQ 


66'88-00'88 
66'88-00'88 

« 

i 

-sissssslsas—  s    -  «| 

1 

66  '08-00'  08 
66  '62-00  '62 
66  '92-00  '92 

rH      -      •      • 

CO 

66  '92-00  '52 
66'*2-00'?-2 
66  '82-00  '82 

CO 

66  '22-00  '22 
66  '12-00  '12 

:::::::::-::-:-::-:::::     :     : 

to 

03 

66  02-00  02 

1 

66  '81-00  '81 

.....     .-0,,-og     .„-...          ....      „ 

s 

66'il-OO'iI 

CO     -<N     -W-i     «0 

CO 

£ 

1 

66'9l-00'9I 

S3 

§ 

g 

66'9I-00'9I 

:     :  :  j^g^^SSSS^^^  :  :  :•*     :  :     :    8 

s 

oQ    1? 

1 

66'frI-OO'fl 

•          ;     ;     :«.HOOWiOeieOceW^     •     ;rH^          ...           .jo 

8 

§  1 

i 

66  '81-00  '81 

;        ~      jCOOOO^t-COCO     |^rH^^      .~      ;            .      ;„            pP 

s 

Cfi     « 

66'  21-00  '2t 

"SSS^eS^S^00^0*  :N  :     :  :  -     :    « 

Js. 

oT  « 

66'TI-OO'TI 

NQOOO^O.HO^COCO«N^    |-p!           ::;       -jo 

5 

|    | 

66  '01-00  '01 

N    ^SSSSggS^a^10^^  :^    ^  :  :  :     :    § 

i 

£    ^ 

66  '6-00  '6 

rHMCOr-lr-l                                 •             •      •                   M 

s 

>7 

66'8-00'8 

.^^^^s^^ss00"505^-"0*  .""•"•*  rn^33 

i 

r<i 

M 

66'i-OO'i 

N       CO  CO  <N  <N  00  1C  C^  ^  «-i  CO  CO  >-l  CO     •  rH  CO           «O 
<N*O^COCO(NrHrH                                 •                          KK 

§ 

02 

9 

w 

66'9-00'9 

•               Cl  CO  (N  (N  <N  rH  rH                          •                                              •      •                   •      •  rH 

M 

« 

66'9-00'9 

^<  rH  O  W  «O  <O  r-l  CO  00  t^  CO  CO  rH  d  rH                       •                       •       •  rH               -       -CO 
rH  M  CO  Ol  CO  CO  rH  rH                                                     •                   •      •                    •      •  »O 

§ 

0 

r- 

rH  CO  rH  00  rH  »O  ^  O  »O  CO  rH  C^  rH  rH      •                                                             •      -C» 

§ 

^ 

66  ^-00  ^ 

rtTH    ^                      N 

66  '8-00  '8 

oo  •  7_nn  •  7 

CO 

U9AIQ  ^O.N 

CO  >*  «0  10  •*  CO  <N  rH                                                                          •       CO 

CO 

co" 

3inij!}.o^j 

•l^.J>*CO»—  IGJO^Ot^-rH       'OlrHrH       •              r-t       -       -       -CO 
•      •         N(N<N04rH                                                          rH 

1 

pjijog  IIY 

^ 

—assssaas"—    :    :    ........S| 

1 

s 

o 
feS 

SI 

§ 

ss§§§§§§sssss§s§§§§sssss§§  fl 

J 

II 

»c 

SllSBSililiilBIiiiiSI 

1 

i 

</ 

,**SSSr5,5gaSS?888«88Si955$88Sffrt; 

[154] 


TABLE  T.  2  (b) 

BUSINESS  AND  PROFESSIONAL  WOMEN 
SALARIES  BY  RENTS 


RENTS  PER  WEEK 

SALARIES 

s 

S 

O5 

o 

S 

0 

^ 

Oj 

1 

d 

faC 

.S 

t 

| 

0 

i 

8 

1 

8 

O 

A 

oJ 

. 

. 

o 

lO 

O 

tO 

S 

5» 

5 

*» 

8 

i 

H 

$600-899 

1 

1 

2 

6 

10 

900-       .... 

5 

5 

21 

21 

5 

6 

4 

27 

94 

1,200-       .... 
1,500         

6 
17 

4 

7 

37 

45 

32 

57 

8 
44 

3 
3 

"3 

"i 

23 
94 

113 

274 

1,800-       .... 

5 

8 

36 

46 

25 

11 

4 

2 

46 

183 

2,100-       .... 
2,400-       .... 
2,700-       
3,000— 
3300- 

3 
2 
1 
1 

3 
3 
6 
5 

19 
16 
30 
15 
6 
6 

29 
31 

68 
46 
8 
11 

11 
18 
51 
32 
9 
24 

9 
7 
28 
14 
2 
5 

4 
10 
8 
10 
3 
4 

"i 
9 
5 
1 
1 

38 
20 
47 
22 
1 
3 

116 
111 

248 
150 
30 
54 

3,600-       .... 

3,900-       .... 

. 

2 

1 

1 

1 

2 

7 

4,200-       .... 

i 

1 

2 

1 

. 

5 

4,500-       .... 

.  .  . 

5 

4 

2 

3 

4 

2 

i 

21 

4800- 

2 

1 

1 

3 

1 

8 

5  100- 

1 

1 

5400- 

5,700-       .  .  . 

6,000-       .  .  . 

i 

.  .  . 

i 

2 

i 

5 

6300-       .    . 

6900- 

1 

1 

8,100-       .    . 

1 

1 

2 

8400- 

1 

1 

10000- 

1 

1 

15,000-       .  .  . 
Not  Given.  .  .  . 

i 

2 

i 

"5 

1 
20 

2 

2 

8 

TOTAL.  .  . 

46 

43 

243 

360 

235 

96 

58 

38 

337 

1456 

Average  

Rent  $13.71 

Salary  $2352.  23 

[155] 


TABLE  T.  3  (a) 
WORKERS  IN  OFFICES,  STORES  AND  FACTORIES 

SALARIES  BY  PRESENT  HOUSING 


SALARIES  OK 
WAGES 

LIVING 

WITH 

PARENTS 

BOARD- 
ING 
HOUSE 

FUR- 
NISHED 
ROOM 

ORGAN- 
IZED 
HOME 

HOUSE- 
KEEPING 
APT. 

NOT 
GIVEN 

TOTAL 

4.00-  5.99 

2 

4 

6 

6.00-  7.99 

14 

"4 

13 

i 

32 

8.00-  9.99 

10 

i 

2 

i 

1 

15 

10.00-11.99 

94 

2 

11 

1 

21 

"2 

131 

12.00-13.99 

485 

7 

17 

5 

63 

6 

583 

14.00-15.99 

674 

37 

54 

9 

126 

10 

910 

16.00-17.99 

689 

29 

83 

6 

133 

22 

962 

18.00-19.99 

739 

23 

62 

19 

132 

4 

979 

20.00-21.99 

617 

19 

80 

11 

143 

5 

875 

22.00-23.99 

436 

17 

42 

103 

10 

608 

24.00-25.99 

341 

16 

43 

'i3 

80 

7 

500 

26.00-27.99 

154 

7 

14 

1 

35 

3 

214 

28.00-29.99 

77 

6 

9 

1 

27 

4 

124 

30.00-31.99 

134 

8 

11 

5 

52 

2 

212 

32.00-33.99 

33 

4 

1 

12 

1 

51 

34.00-35.99 

30 

"3 

11 

14 

58 

36.00-37.99 

12 

1 

4 

17 

38.00-39.99 

4 

6 

'   2 

12 

40.00-41.99 

14 

2 

5 

9 

2 

32 

42.00-43.99 

2 

7 

9 

44.00-45.99 

5 

3 

2 

10 

46.00-47.99 

1 

1 

2 

48.00-49.99 

1 

1 

50.00-51.99 

'3 

'i 

5 

9 

60.0O-61.99 

1 

1 

i 

• 

3 

64.00-65.99 

1 

1 

74.00-75.99 

i 

"i 

2 

Not  Given 

6oi 

22 

86 

"5 

229 

"25 

968 

TOTAL.  .  .  . 

5,172 

202 

544 

78 

1,224 

106 

7,326 

Lowest 

$4.00 

$8.00 

$4.00 

$8.00 

$4.00 

$4.00 

Highest 

60.00 

64.00 

74.00 

32.00 

74.00 

74.00 

Mode 

16.00 

14.00 

16.00 

18.00 

20.00 

18.00 

Average  

18.53 

19.96 

19.78 

19.32 

17.97 

31.88 

[156] 


TABLE  T.  3  (b) 

BUSINESS  AND  PROFESSIONAL  WOMEN 
SALARIES  BY  PRESENT  HOUSING 


LIVING 

SALARY  PER  YEAR 

II 

j 

| 

o 

«! 

I 

o3 

1 

bfi 

« 

w 

w 

H3 

i^  § 

_ 

£ 

r* 

12 

3 

'S 

1 

"5 

^ 

I 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

600-899.  . 

2 

8 

10 

900-1  199 

18 

62 

5 

8 

i 

94 

1,200-           

16 

47 

8 

29 

11 

"2 

113 

1,500-          

35 

'.  '.  '. 

203 

7 

15 

11 

3 

274 

1,800-          .    . 

32 

115 

10 

18 

6 

2 

183 

2,100- 

17 

73 

11 

8 

3 

4 

116 

2,400- 

28 

"2 

58 

9 

10 

1 

3 

111 

2,700-           

82 

5 

109 

23 

10 

19 

248 

3,000-           

68 

3 

53 

11 

10 

'  2 

3 

150 

3,300-           

13 

1 

13 

1 

. 

. 

2 

30 

3,600- 

26 

4 

11 

5 

5 

3 

54 

3,900- 

4 

1 

1 

1 

7 

4,200- 

3 

1 

1 

.  '.  '. 

5 

4,500- 

17 

i 

2 

. 

i 

21 

4,800-           

2 

i 

4 

7 

5,100- 

1 

1 

5,400- 

5,700- 

6,000- 

1 

4 

5 

6,300- 

.  .  . 

6,900-           

i 

.  .  . 

1 

8,OOO- 

i 

i 

2 

8,400- 

i 

1 

10,000- 

i 

1 

15,000-           

i 

1 

Salary  Not  Given  

"e 

10 

1 

1 

2 

20 

TOTAL 

374 

19 

777 

93 

114 

38 

41 

1,456 

[157] 


»-*  »C  Ci  O>  OS  OO 


Cs}CslCO'-<O<Nl^r>-Tt<GCCO'—  »  C»  CO  i—  i  r-  I  r-i  O  C<1  i—  1 


CO'-<O<Nl^r>-Tt<GCCO'—  »  C»  C 
*-<  CO  ^  -^  lO  Tfi  rji  C^  »H 


§9§ 
060606 


888 


888 

oooooo 


•  CO  <N  <N  <N  <M  CO 


£    88  : 


i-t  1-H  TM>  CO  CO       •       •  rH 


8    888 


CO       O< 
»>.       O' 


8S 


<N»OOCO<NOOOt><N'fi-iOOC^CO' 
I-H  <N  <M  <N  1-1        *-* 


888 


rH       •rHW-H«OI>-«CM'OOl>- 

.  ,H  tn  CO  (N  CO  (N  (N 


%    888    g 


S 


S2S    2 


§    888;    £ 
^8^    d 


2    888    % 


*^  OO  C^  CO  CO  CO  CO  GO 
C^l  C^  CO  CO  C^  ^^ 


o-;^^ooco 

OO  00  ^T  I>  i™H  T-* 


$    888 


Hgs^^s 


C^1  ^^  ^?       ^*" 
C<i^^      u- 


IES  OR 
AGES 


W 


S 


. 
88^882 


^     2 

III  1 


[158] 


TABLE  T.  4  (b) 
BUSINESS  AND  PROFESSIONAL  WOMEN 


SALARIES  BY  AGES 


SALARY  PER^YEAR 

3 
i 

1 

OS 

1 

T* 

CO 

, 

« 

i 

i 

i 

: 

AGE  NOT  GIVEN 

1 

600-899 

3 

3 

? 

1 

1 

10 

900-1,199 

6 

34 

?4 

10 

8 

4 

1 

4 

1 

1 

1 

94 

1,200- 

1 

38 

31 

14 

16 

3 

1 

1 

8 

113 

1,500- 

2 

153 

43 

21 

?0 

13 

1 

5 

16 

274 

1,800- 

5? 

66 

?4 

ft 

10 

6 

4 

1 

1 

10 

184 

2  100- 

11 

53 

17 

14 

8 

? 

4 

7 

116 

2400- 

3 

3Q 

?7 

15 

14 

3 

5 

5 

111 

2,700- 

3 

13 

63 

60 

4? 

?,? 

10 

3 

1 

33 

248 

3,000- 

fl 

5 

31 

44 

IP 

1? 

18 

3 

1 

1 

14 

150 

3,300- 

? 

4 

7 

7 

4 

1 

fl 

3 

30 

3,600- 

6 

8 

14 

13 

9 

3 

1 

54 

3900- 

? 

1 

] 

1 

? 

7 

4,200- 

1 

4 

5 

4,500- 

1 

? 

1 

4 

6 

3 

3 

1 

21 

4,800- 

4 

? 

1 

7 

5,100- 

1 

1 

5400- 

5700- 

6,000- 

1 

3 

1 

5 

6,300- 

7,000- 

1 

1 

8,OOO- 

? 

2 

9,000- 

1 

1 

10000- 

1 

1 

15,000- 

1 

1 

Unanswered  

1 

5 

? 

1 

1 

2 

1 

1 

6 

20 

TOTAL 

1^ 

300 

381 

??3 

flOP 

143 

8? 

71 

18 

11 

1 

105 

1456 

[159] 


to 


i  § 

W     E 


fc  § 
"  S 


o 

If 

M  P 


I1 


CARDING 

HOUSE 


o 
g 


i—  I  <N  CO  i—  i  Ci 

T-!  ,-H  O  >O  CO  <N 


(N  Tj<  00  O  W  rH  CO  t^-  Tt<  CO 
IO  l>-  CO  »-l 


<N  CQ  <N  l>  O  iO  C<> 

•  rH  C^J  i— I  <— I  »-! 


coo 


cor> 


00 


* 

o* 


g  TT 


i  s 


[160] 


TABLE  T.  5  (b) 

BUSINESS  AND  PROFESSIONAL  WOMEN 
AGES  BY  PRESENT  HOUSING 


LIVING 

AGES 

3*3 

1 

s 

1 

0 

c3.£ 

^> 

o 

— 

-d 

gl 

'3 

HS 

-d 

"S 

|M1 

£ 

;S 

J 

.2 

"5 

• 

°S  ^""l 

3 

o 

•§ 

i 

c 

1 

1 

1 

^ 

w 

^ 

CQ 

fe 

O 

£ 

H 

15-19 

12 

12 

20-24  

15 

252 

12 

14 

3 

4 

300 

25-29  

48 

176 

17 

25 

10 

5 

281 

30-34 

56 

2 

106 

19 

26 

9 

5 

223 

35-39 

75 

1 

87 

14 

21 

4 

7 

209 

40-44  

60 

5 

44 

10 

14 

4 

6 

143 

45-49  

44 

4 

20 

5 

5 

1 

3 

82 

50-54  

35 

5 

18 

5 

4 

2 

2 

71 

55-59 

9 

1 

4 

1 

1 

2 

18 

60-64 

8 

2 

1 

11 

65-69.  

1 

1 

Not  Given  

20 

i 

42 

7 

"3 

3 

4 

80 

Over  21  

4 

13 

3 

1 

4 

25 

TOTAL  

374 

19 

777 

93 

114 

38 

41 

1,456 

[161] 


g 

< 

«  I 


g 


E-  O    » 


a 


o 

ii 


S2 
S^ 


I* 

o 


1* 


O 

81 

U 


T—  I  O  ' 


»' 

r-»O  CO  O<  r-4  ,-H 


CO  O  O  I>  •«*" 


—  <—i    •    -oo 

•     •  *O 


•  rf«  C5  -^  00  <N  <M  CC  CO  (N  ^      -r-ir-t»H 
CO  »-•  *C  CO  CO  •—  •  CO 


l^»  <• >i 

cU 


CO 


o^o^ 
cot> 

TT 


[162] 


TABLE  T.  6  (b) 
BUSINESS  AND  PROFESSIONAL  WOMEN 

AGES  BY  PREFERRED  HOUSING 


,  H 

R 

H 

&  £5 

D 

5 

/: 

5? 

a  H 

£ 

ft!   - 

& 

O 

Q 

AG« 

H 
SB 
g 

ll 

§3 

§K 

O 

W 

c 
g 

w 

Q 
H 

H 

Q 
g 

WERED 

£ 

<; 

?  3 

gji 

ll 

1 

O 

1 

» 
p 

CD 

3 

ft 

d. 
<d 

O  M 

K" 

5s 

0 

ffl 

« 
O 

1 

O 

55 
P 

1 

15-20 

2 

6 

20 

2 

3 

17 

50 

21-25 

5 

55 

158 

12 

"8 

7 

"2 

"3 

117 

367 

26-30 

6 

81 

99 

14 

7 

12 

2 

7 

77 

305 

31-35 

8 

72 

"a 

66 

17 

3 

9 

1 

37 

216 

36-40 

7 

64 

6 

73 

6 

3 

1 

i 

2 

33 

196 

41-45 

2 

42 

1 

19 

4 

1 

11 

80 

4^-50 

9 

29 

3 

38 

5 

"2 

3 

"2 

2 

11 

104 

51-55 

2 

6 

5 

1 

1 

1 

16 

56-60 

1 

7 

9 

4 

1 

1 

23 

61-65 

2 

2 

66-70 

1 

1 

TOTAL    . 

40 

358 

19 

488 

64 

24 

36 

7 

17 

307 

1,330 

31)  and 

under 

H 

138 

6 

277 

28 

15 

22 

4 

10 

211 

722 

Per  cent 

27.5 

38.5 

31.5 

56.7 

43.7 

62.5 

61.1 

57.1 

58.8 

68.7 

53.08 

Over  30 

29 

220 

13 

211 

36 

9 

14 

3 

7 

96 

638 

Per  cent 

72.5 

61.4 

68.4 

43.2 

56.2 

37.5 

38.8 

42.8 

41.1 

31.2 

46.9 

[163] 


YC 


GENERAL  LIBRARY  -  U.C.  BERKELEY 


-^  i^cv 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


